Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions.
Cooperation is the common endeavor of two or more people to perform a task or reach a jointly cherished goal. Like competition and conflict, there are different forms of cooperation, based on group organization and attitudes.
In the first form, known as primary cooperation, group and individual fuse. The group contains nearly all of each individual’s life. The rewards of the group’s work are shared with each member. There is an interlocking identity of individual, group and task performed. Means and goals become one, for cooperation itself is valued.
While primary cooperation is most often characteristic of preliterate societies, secondary cooperation is characteristic of many modem societies. In secondary cooperation, individuals devote only part of their lives to the group. Cooperation itself is not a value. Most members of the group feel loyalty, but the welfare of the group is not the first consideration. Members perform tasks so that they can separately enjoy the fruits of their cooperation in the form of salary, prestige, or power. Business offices and professional athletic teams are examples of secondary cooperation.
In the third type, called tertiary cooperation or accommodation, latent conflict underlies the shared work. The attitudes of the cooperating parties are purely opportunistic: the organization is loose and fragile. Accommodation involves common means to achieve antagonistic goals: it breaks down when the common means cease to aid each party in reaching its goals. This is not, strictly speaking, cooperation at all, and hence the somewhat contradictory term antagonistic cooperation is sometimes used for this relationship.
Which of the following is an example of the third form of cooperation as it is defined in the fourth paragraph?
A. Students form a study group so that all of them can improve their grades
B. Members of a farming community share work and the food that they grow
C. Two rival political parties temporarily work together to defeat a third party
D. A new business attempts to take customers away from an established company.
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Đáp án C
Keywords: example, third form of cooperation, fourth paragraph.
Clue: “The attitudes of the cooperating parties are purely opportunistic: the organization is loose and fragile. Accommodation involves common means to achieve antagonistic goals: it breaks down when the common means cease to aid each party in reaching its goals. This is not, strictly speaking, cooperation at all, and hence the somewhat contradictory term antagonistic cooperation is sometimes used for this relationship”: Thái độ của các bên hoàn toàn là thái độ cơ hội: tổ chức lỏng lẻo và mỏng manh. Sự điều tiết bao gồm những phương thức chung nhằm đạt được mục tiêu đối nghịch: Tổ chức sẽ tan rã khi phương thức chung này ngừng trợ giúp mỗi bên trong việc đạt được mục tiêu. Nói một cách khắt khe thì đây hoàn toàn không phải là hợp tác, và vì vậy thuật ngữ hợp tác đối nghịch có phần mâu thuẫn này vẫn thỉnh thoảng được sử dụng để gọi mối quan hệ hợp tác này.
Phân tích: Chọn đáp án C. Two rival political parties temporarily work together to defeat a third party: Hai bên đối thủ chính trị nhất thời hợp tác đánh bại bên thứ ba.
Do nhất thời hợp tác nên tổ chức giữa hai bên chính trị này có thể không chặt chẽ và sẽ tan rã sau khi đánh bại được bên thứ ba. Dù là đối thủ nhưng cùng hợp tác đánh bại một mục tiêu chung. Các đáp án khác không phù hợp.
A. Students form a study group so that all of them can improve their grades: Những em học sinh tạo thành một nhóm học tập để tất cả các em cùng cải thiện điểm số.
B. Members of a farming community share work and the food that they grow: Thành viên của cộng đồng nông nghiệp chia sẻ công việc và lương thực họ trồng được.
D. A new business attempts to take customers away from an established company: Một công ty mới cố gắng lôi kéo khách hàng khỏi một công ty danh tiếng. (Các em chú ý “established company” ở đây không phải là một công ty đã được thành lập mà phải hiểu là một công ty sừng sỏ, lâu đời, có uy tín).
Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, c, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct word or phrase that best fits each of the numbered blanks.
Stories about how people somehow know when they are being watched have been going around for years. However, few attempts have been made to investigate the phenomenon scientifically. Now, with the completion of the largest ever study of the so- called staring effect, there is impressive evidence that this is a recognizable and genuine sixth sense. The study involved hundreds of children. For the experiments, they sat with their eyes (41) so they could not see, and with their backs to other children, who were told to either stare at them or look away. Time and time again the results showed that the children who could not see were able to tell when they were being stared at. In a total of more than 18, 000 trials (42) _____ worldwide, the children correctly sensed when they were being watched almost 70% of the time. The experiment was repeated with the added precaution of putting the children who were being watched outside the room, (43) from the starters by the windows. This was done just in case there was some pretending going on with the children telling each other whether they were looking or not. This prevented the possibility of sounds being transmitted between the children. The results, (44) less impressive, were more or less the same. Dr. Sheldrake, the biologist (45) designed the study, believes that the results are convincing enough to find out through further experiments precisely how the staring effect might actually came about.
Điền vào ô 42
Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, c, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct word or phrase that best fits each of the numbered blanks.
Stories about how people somehow know when they are being watched have been going around for years. However, few attempts have been made to investigate the phenomenon scientifically. Now, with the completion of the largest ever study of the so- called staring effect, there is impressive evidence that this is a recognizable and genuine sixth sense. The study involved hundreds of children. For the experiments, they sat with their eyes (41) so they could not see, and with their backs to other children, who were told to either stare at them or look away. Time and time again the results showed that the children who could not see were able to tell when they were being stared at. In a total of more than 18, 000 trials (42) _____ worldwide, the children correctly sensed when they were being watched almost 70% of the time. The experiment was repeated with the added precaution of putting the children who were being watched outside the room, (43) from the starters by the windows. This was done just in case there was some pretending going on with the children telling each other whether they were looking or not. This prevented the possibility of sounds being transmitted between the children. The results, (44) less impressive, were more or less the same. Dr. Sheldrake, the biologist (45) designed the study, believes that the results are convincing enough to find out through further experiments precisely how the staring effect might actually came about.
Điền vào ô 43
Mark the letter A, B, C or D your answer sheet to indicate the word(s) CLOSEST in meaning to the underlined word(s) in each of the following questions.
The 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake, measured 9.1 on the Richter scale, occurring on 26 December wiped out a large number of residential coastal areas.
Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word(s) OPPOSITE in meaning to the underlined word(s) in each of the following questions.
Experts say that another outbreak of flu epidemic is on the cards.
Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, c, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct word or phrase that best fits each of the numbered blanks.
Stories about how people somehow know when they are being watched have been going around for years. However, few attempts have been made to investigate the phenomenon scientifically. Now, with the completion of the largest ever study of the so- called staring effect, there is impressive evidence that this is a recognizable and genuine sixth sense. The study involved hundreds of children. For the experiments, they sat with their eyes (41) so they could not see, and with their backs to other children, who were told to either stare at them or look away. Time and time again the results showed that the children who could not see were able to tell when they were being stared at. In a total of more than 18, 000 trials (42) _____ worldwide, the children correctly sensed when they were being watched almost 70% of the time. The experiment was repeated with the added precaution of putting the children who were being watched outside the room, (43) from the starters by the windows. This was done just in case there was some pretending going on with the children telling each other whether they were looking or not. This prevented the possibility of sounds being transmitted between the children. The results, (44) less impressive, were more or less the same. Dr. Sheldrake, the biologist (45) designed the study, believes that the results are convincing enough to find out through further experiments precisely how the staring effect might actually came about.
Điền vào ô 41
It is alleged that mothers and grandmothers spoil the children by their mistakes.
Mark the letter A, B, C or D your answer sheet to indicate the word(s) CLOSEST in meaning to the underlined word(s) in each of the following questions.
The National Institute of Mental Health is conducting far-reaching research to determine the psychological effects of using drugs
It never _____my head that such great Bulgarian rose festivals would be held in Hanoi, our capital city.
Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word that differs from the other three in the position of primary stress in each of the following questions
Despite all the evidence, he wouldn’t admit that he was in the .
Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word whose underlined part differs from the other three in the pronunciation in each of the following questions.
Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word whose underlined part differs from the other three in the pronunciation in each of the following questions.
Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the underlined part that needs correction in each of the following questions.
I think we have sufficient enough information to write the report.
