Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 35 to 42.
Happiness and sadness are experienced by people in all cultures around the world, but how can we tell when other people are happy or despondent? It turns out that the expression of many emotions may be universal. Smiling is apparently a universal sign of friendliness and approval. Baring the teeth in a hostile way, as noted by Charles Darwin in the nineteenth century, may be a universal sign of anger. As the originator of the theory of evolution, Darwin believed that the universal recognition of facial expressions would have survival value. For example, facial expressions could signal the approach of enemies (or friends) in the absence of language.
Most investigators concur that certain facial expressions suggest the same emotions in all people. Moreover, people in diverse cultures recognize the emotions manifested by the facial expressions. In classic research Paul Ekman took photographs of people exhibiting the emotions of anger, disgust, fear, happiness, and sadness. He then asked people around the world to indicate what emotions were being depicted in them. Those queried ranged from European college students to members of the Fore, a tribe that dwells in the New Guinea highlands. All groups, including the Fore, who had almost no contact with Western culture, agreed on the portrayed emotions. The Fore also displayed familiar facial expressions when asked how they would respond if they were the characters in stories that called for basic emotional responses. Ekman and his colleagues more recently obtained similar results in a study of ten cultures in which participants were permitted to report that multiple emotions were shown by facial expressions. The participants generally agreed on which two emotions were being shown and which emotion was more intense.
Psychological researchers generally recognize that facial expressions reflect emotional states. In fact, various emotional states give rise to certain patterns of electrical activity in the facial muscles and in the brain. The facial-feedback hypothesis argues, however, that the causal relationship between emotions and facial expressions can also work in the opposite direction. According to this hypothesis, signals from the facial muscles (“feedback) are sent back to emotion centers of the brain, and so a person’s facial expression can influence that person’s emotional state. Consider Darwin’s words: “The free expression by outward signs of an emotion intensifies it. On the other hand, the repression, as far as possible, of all outward signs softens our emotions.” Can smiling give rise to feelings of good will, for example, and frowning to anger?
Psychological research has given rise to some interesting findings concerning the facial-feedback hypothesis. Causing participants in experiments to smile, for example, leads them to report more positive feelings and to rate cartoons (humorous drawings of people or situations) as being more humorous. When they are caused to frown, they rate cartoons as being more aggressive.
What are the possible links between facial expressions and emotion? One link is arousal, which is the level of activity or preparedness for activity in an organism. Intense contraction of facial muscles, such as those used in signifying fear, heightens arousal. Self-perception of heightened arousal then leads to heightened emotional activity. Other links may involve changes in brain temperature and the release of neurotransmitters (substances that transmit nerve impulses.) The contraction of facial muscles both influences the internal emotional state and reflects it. Ekman has found that the so-called Duchenne smile, which is characterized by “crow’s feet” wrinkles around the eyes and a subtle drop in the eye cover fold so that the skin above the eye moves down slightly toward the eyeball, can lead to pleasant feelings. Ekman’s observation may be relevant to the British expression “keep a stiff upper lip” as a recommendation for handling stress. It might be that a “stiff” lip suppresses emotional response - as long as the lip is not quivering with fear or tension. But when the emotion that leads to stiffening the lip is more intense, and involves strong muscle tension, facial feedback may heighten emotional response.
According to the passage, what did Darwin believe would happen to human emotions that were not expressed?
A. They would become less intense.
B. They would last longer than usual.
C. They would cause problems later.
D. They would become more negative.
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Chọn đáp án A
Theo bài đọc, Darwin tin điều gì sẽ xảy ra với những cảm xúc con người mà không được biểu lộ?
A. Chúng sẽ giảm bớt cường độ hơn
B. Chúng sẽ kéo dài hơn bình thường
C. Chúng sẽ gây ra những vấn đề về sau
D. Chúng sẽ trở nên tiêu cực hơn
Dẫn chứng: “The free expression by outward signs of an emotion intensifies it. On the other hand, the repression, as far as possible, of all outward signs softens our emotions.” (Tự do biểu lộ cảm xúc ra các dấu hiệu bên ngoài làm cho cường độ cảm xúc mạnh lên. Mặt khác, sự kìm nén cảm xúc ra bên ngoài càng lớn sẽ làm giảm bớt cường độ cảm xúc của chúng ta.)
The teacher likes her essay because it’s very ................... .
Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the underlined part that needs correction in each of the following questions.
We have conducted (A) exhausting research (B)into the effects of smartphones on students’ (C) behaviour and their (D) academic performance.
If people paid more attention to the environment, the Earth _________ greener.
Many parents tend to push their children because they believe that good education will enable them to _________ in the future.
Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the sentence that best combines each pair of sentences in the following questions.
The storm was so great. Many families had to be evacuated to safer parts of the city.
Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the underlined part that needs correction in each of the following questions.
(A) On the table (B) is (C) hundreds of books written (D) in English.
Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct word or phrase that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 23 to 27.
The Microscope
One of the most important inventions in the development of science and medicine was the microscope. It was (23) ........... the principle that light could be “refracted” or bent, by a glass lens. It was soon discovered that tiny objects could be magnified (24) ........... size when viewed through a glass lens that had been ground and polished in a specific (25) ........... Although the principle was known to the Chinese as early as 1000 A.D, it was not until the 13th and 14th centuries in Europe (26) ........... it was put to practical use in the form of eyeglasses.
In Europe the first microscope was invented by brothers Zacharias and Hans Janssen, two Dutch eyeglass-makers, around 1590. They built a “compound” microscope, so called because of its two lenses. The most significant development and use of the microscope during this period, however, belongs to another Dutch optician, Antonie van Leeuwenhoek. Bom in Delft, Holland, he became skilled at (27) ........... very sharp and accurate magnifying lenses.
Điền vào số (24)
Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word(s) OPPOSITE in meaning to the underlined word(s) in each of the following questions.
Sally has just won a full scholarship to one of the most prestigious universities in the world; she must be on cloud nine now.
Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct word or phrase that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 23 to 27.
The Microscope
One of the most important inventions in the development of science and medicine was the microscope. It was (23) ........... the principle that light could be “refracted” or bent, by a glass lens. It was soon discovered that tiny objects could be magnified (24) ........... size when viewed through a glass lens that had been ground and polished in a specific (25) ........... Although the principle was known to the Chinese as early as 1000 A.D, it was not until the 13th and 14th centuries in Europe (26) ........... it was put to practical use in the form of eyeglasses.
In Europe the first microscope was invented by brothers Zacharias and Hans Janssen, two Dutch eyeglass-makers, around 1590. They built a “compound” microscope, so called because of its two lenses. The most significant development and use of the microscope during this period, however, belongs to another Dutch optician, Antonie van Leeuwenhoek. Bom in Delft, Holland, he became skilled at (27) ........... very sharp and accurate magnifying lenses.
Điền vào số (23)
Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the underlined part that needs correction in each of the following questions.
Tim works (A) as a doctor and he (B) earns (C) twice (D) as much than his brother.
This girl doesn’t reveal much about herself, and is ............... fascinating for it.
Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the sentence that is closest in meaning to each of the following questions.
“Don’t forget to submit your assignments by Friday,” said the teacher to the students.
I have lived in this city for so long, so I’ve grown ............................to the noise of vehicles.
Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions.
Nobody comes there, _________ ?
