Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, c, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions.
Cooperation is the common endeavor of two or more people to perform a task or reach a jointly cherished goal. Like competition and conflict, there are different forms of cooperation, based on group organization and attitudes.
In the first form, known as primary cooperation, group and individual fuse. The group contains nearly all of each individual’s life. The rewards of the group’s work are shared with each member. There is an interlocking identity of individual, group and task performed. Means and goals become one, for cooperation itself is valued.
While primary cooperation is most often characteristic of preliterate societies, secondary cooperation is characteristic of many modem societies. In secondary cooperation, individuals devote only part of their lives to the group. Cooperation itself is not a value. Most members of the group feel loyalty, but the welfare of the group is not the first consideration, Members perform tasks so that they can separately enjoy the fruits of their cooperation in the form of salary, prestige, or power. Business offices and professional athletic teams are examples of secondary cooperation.
In the third type, called tertiary cooperation or accommodation, latent conflict underlies the shared work. The attitudes of the cooperating parties are purely opportunistic: the organization is loose and fragile. Accommodation involves common means to achieve antagonistic goals: it breaks down when the common means cease to aid each party in reaching its goals. This is not, strictly speaking, cooperation at all, and hence the somewhat contradictory term antagonistic cooperation is sometimes used for this relationship.
Which of the following is an example of the third form of cooperation as it is defined in the fourth paragraph?
A. Students form a study group so that all of them can improve their grades
B. Members of a farming community share work and the food that they grow
C. Two rival political parties temporarily work together to defeat a third party
D. A new business attempts to take customers away from an established company
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Đáp án C.
Keywords: example, third form of cooperation, fourth paragraph.
Clue: “The attitudes of the cooperating parties are purely opportunistic: the organization is loose and fragile. Accommodation involves common means to achieve antagonistic goals: it breaks down when the common means cease to aid each party in reaching its goals. This is not, strictly speaking, cooperation at all, and hence the somewhat contradictory term antagonistic cooperation is sometimes used for this relationship”: Thái độ của các bên hoàn toàn là thái độ cơ hội: tô chức lỏng lẻo và mỏng manh. Sự điều tiết bao gồm những phương thức chung nhằm đạt được mục tiêu đối nghịch: Tổ chức sẽ tan rã khi phương thức chung này ngừng trợ giúp mỗi bên trong việc đạt được mục tiêu. Nói một cách khắt khe thì đây hoàn toàn không phải là hợp tác, và vì vậy thuật ngữ hợp tác đối nghịch có phần mâu thuẫn này vẫn thỉnh thoảng được sử dụng để gọi mối quan hệ hợp tác này.
Phân tích: Chọn đáp án C. Two rival political parties temporarily work together to defeat a third party: Hai bên đối thủ chính trị nhất thời hợp tác đánh bại bên thứ ba.
Do nhất thời hợp tác nên tổ chức giữa hai bên chính trị này có thể không chặt chẽ và sẽ tan rã sau khi đánh bại được bên thứ ba. Dù là đối thủ nhưng cùng hợp tác đánh bại một mục tiêu chung. Các đáp án khác không phù hợp.
A. Students form a study group so that all of them can improve their grades: Những em học sinh tạo thành một nhóm học tập để tất cả các em cùng cải thiện điểm số.
B. Members of a farming community share work and the food that they grow: Thành viên của cộng đồng nông nghiệp chia sẻ công việc và lương thực họ trồng được.
D. A new business attempts to take customers away from an established company: Mật công ty mới cố gắng lôi kéo khách hàng khỏi một công ty danh tiếng. (Các em chú ý “established company” ờ đây không phải là một công ty đã được thành lập mà phải hiểu là một công ty sừng sỏ, lâu đời, có uy tín).
Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions.
It is alleged that mothers and grandmothers spoil the children by______ their mistakes.
Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions.
Nobody could have predicted that the show would arouse so much interest and that over two hundred people_________away
Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word OPPOSITE in meaning to the underlined word in each of the following questions
Experts say that another outbreak of flu epidemic is on the cards
Mark the letter A, B, c or D your answer sheet to indicate the word(s) CLOSEST in meaning to the underlined word(s) in each of the following questions.
The National Institute of Mental Health is conducting far-reaching research to determine the psychological effects of using drugs.
Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions.
Only one of the people_______was qualified for the job
Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions.
With all due respect, I think your comments are_________.
Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions.
Students should never___________to violence to solve any problems
Mark the letter A, B, c, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the underlined part that needs correction in each of the following questions.
Energy research, medicinal, tourism, and copper are important to the economy of Butte, Montana.
Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word OPPOSITE in meaning to the underlined word in each of the following questions
We have known each other long enough that I will forgive you this discourtesy.
Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions.
After one hour’s performance of many famous singers heating up My Dinh Stadium, out_____.
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The novelty of married life seems to______if the couple involved don't have ways to renew their love
Mark the letter A, B, c or D on your answer sheet to indicate the sentence that is closest in meaning to each of the following questions.
He might have forgotten the place you’d arranged to meet at.
Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions.
Despite all the evidence, he wouldn’t admit that he was in the _______.
Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions.
It never______my head that such great Bulgarian rose festivals would be held in Hanoi, our capital city
Mark the letter A, B, c, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the underlined part that needs correction in each of the following questions.
I think we have sufficient enough information to write the report.
