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During the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, almost nothing was written about the contribution of women during the colonial period and the early history of the newly formed United States. Lacking the right to vote and absent from the seats of power, women were not considered an important force in history. Anne Bradstreet wrote some significant poetry in the seventeenth century, Mercy Otis Warren produced the best contemporary history of the American Revolution, and Abigail Adams penned important letters showing she exercised great political influence over her husband, John, the second President of the United States. But little or no notice was taken of these contributions. During these centuries, women remained invisible in history books.

Throughout the nineteenth century, this lack of visibility continued, despite the efforts of female authors writing about women. These writers, like most of their male counterparts, were amateur historians. Their writings were celebratory in nature, and they were uncritical in their selection and use of sources.

During the nineteenth century, however, certain feminists showed a keen sense of history by keeping records of activities in which women were engaged. National, regional, and local women‟s organizations compiled accounts of their doings. Personal correspondence, newspaper clippings, and souvenirs were saved and stored. These sources form the core of the two greatest collections of women‟s history in the United States – one at the Elizabeth and Arthur Schlesinger Library at Radcliffe College, and the other the Sophia Smith Collection at Smith College. Such sources have provided valuable materials for later generations of historians.

Despite the gathering of more information about ordinary women during the nineteenth century, most of the writing about women conformed to the “great women” theory of history, just as much of mainstream American history concentrated on “great men”. To demonstrate that women were making significant contributions to American life, female authors singled out women leaders and wrote biographies, or else important women produced their autobiographies. Most of these leaders were involved in public life as reformers, activists working for women‟s right to vote, or authors, and were not representative at all of the great mass of ordinary women. The lives of ordinary people continued, generally, to be untold in the American histories being published.

What use was made of the nineteenth-century women‟s history materials in the Schlesinger Library and the Sophia Smith Collection? 

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It was in 2006 when (A) she got (B) married to (C) a well-known (D) movie star

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The flight instructor, ________ at the air base, said that the orders not to flight had been given.

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My mother _________ when she found out that I‟d forgotten to do the washing-up again. 

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_________ at school yesterday when we were informed that there was no class due to a sudden power cut. 

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Up to the World War II almost all (A) important research (B) in physics had been made (C) in universities, with only university funds for support. (D) 

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They attempted to _________ the painting to its original condition

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Parents whose children show a special interest in a particular sport have a difficult decision to (47)______ about their children‟s career. Should they allow their children to train to become top sportsmen and women? For many children it (48) ______starting very young and school work, going out with friends and other (49) ______ have to take second place. It‟s very difficult to explain to a young child why he or she has to train for five hours a day, even at the weekend, when (50) _______ of his or her friends are playing.

Another problem is of course money. In many countries money for training is (51) ______ from the government for the very best young sportsmen and women. If this help cannot be given, it means that it is the parents (52) ______ have to find the time and the money to support their child‟s development- and sports clothes, transport to competitions, special equipment etc. can all be very expensive.

Many parents are understandably (53) _______ that it is dangerous to start serious training in a sport at an early age. Some doctors agree that young (54) _______ may be damaged by training before they are properly developed. Professional trainers, however, believe that it is only by starting young that you can reach the top as a successful sports person. What is clear is that very (55) _______ people reach the top and both parents and children should be prepared for failure even after many years of training.

Điền vào ô 49

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__________ the United States consists of many different immigrant groups, many sociologists believe there is a distinct national character.

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Parents whose children show a special interest in a particular sport have a difficult decision to (47)______ about their children‟s career. Should they allow their children to train to become top sportsmen and women? For many children it (48) ______starting very young and school work, going out with friends and other (49) ______ have to take second place. It‟s very difficult to explain to a young child why he or she has to train for five hours a day, even at the weekend, when (50) _______ of his or her friends are playing.

Another problem is of course money. In many countries money for training is (51) ______ from the government for the very best young sportsmen and women. If this help cannot be given, it means that it is the parents (52) ______ have to find the time and the money to support their child‟s development- and sports clothes, transport to competitions, special equipment etc. can all be very expensive.

Many parents are understandably (53) _______ that it is dangerous to start serious training in a sport at an early age. Some doctors agree that young (54) _______ may be damaged by training before they are properly developed. Professional trainers, however, believe that it is only by starting young that you can reach the top as a successful sports person. What is clear is that very (55) _______ people reach the top and both parents and children should be prepared for failure even after many years of training.

Điền vào ô 50

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To solve this problem, it is advisable _______. 

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She _______ down completely on hearing of her friend‟s death. 

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In the kitchen, there is a ______ table.

Work efficiency has increased exponentially each year, thanks to computers and their ability to multitask. 

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Such characters as fairies or witches in Walt Disney animated cartoons are purely ______. 

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Peter: “I thought your game was much better last night.” – Dave: “You‟ve got to be kidding! ________!”