Read the following passage and mark the letter A,B,C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 55 to 64

Genetics is the study of hereditary characteristics that are passed down from one generation of living organisms to another. Although farmers have used selective breeding to improve the resilience of crops and animals, it wasn't until the mid 1800s that Gregor Mendel started the science of genetics as we know it today. Following Mendel's methods, scientists have discovered "chromosomes" and "DNA". With the ability to study DNA, scientists were ableto study the genetic differences between races.

Modern genetics discovered that all humans are descendants of "Mitochondrial Eve," a woman who lived over 150,000 years ago in Africa. Since the first humans were born, over 75,000 generations have passed, and many subtle differences are now evident. Humans share at least 99% of their genetic makeup. A 1% difference may not seem like much, but when you consider that a chimpanzee shares 98% of human genes, you realize how much a 1% difference makes!

Africans are more closely related to Europeans than any other two groups, despite the fact that they differ so much in appearance. The biggest genetic differences are found between Africans and the native populations of NorthAmerica (22%). However, it is essential to note that the genetic differences between people of the same race are much greater than the differences between people of different races. This means that the argument which claims that genetic differences make one race superior to another is nothing but a tall story.

The differences in various populations may also be the result of circumstances rather than genetic makeup. Factors such as climate, diet, health care, education, and employment as well as other socioeconomic factors are all influential. However, there are some traits which are genetic; for example, there is a much higher incidence of sickle-cell anemia among black populations than any other population group. Adult African-Americans and Latinos have twice as many cases of diabetes than Caucasians. In the U.S., Latinos suffer more deaths from liver disease than other races. Europeans suffer more from heart disease and cancer.

Genes not only affect our susceptibility to disease, they also affect our physical attributes. The Dinka people from the Sudan are considered to be the tallest people with men having an average height of 6ft 3in., while women hit the big time with an impressive 5ft 3in. This contrasts sharply with the Pygmy tribes who get the short end of the stick at only about 4ft 11in.tall. Genetic differences may help us to tailor health services to people of different races or to detect life threatening diseases early. However, they are not significant enough to support the claim that one race is superior toanother. In fact, our modern scientific understanding of human genetic diversity flies in the face of almost all our social stereotypes

What is the author saying in the last paragraph?

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We still meet up for a drink and a chat once ___________

Read the following passage and mark the letter A,B,C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 25 to 34

Historically parents have played a major role in choosing marriage partners for their children, and
the custom continues in the world’s developing countries today. Parental influence is greatest when the parents have a large stake in whom their child marries. Traditionally, marriage has been regarded as an alliance between two families, rather than just between the two individuals. Aristocratic families could enhance their wealth or acquire royal titles through a child’s marriage. Marriage was also used as a way of sealing peace between former enemies, whether they were kings or feuding villagers.

The most extreme form of parental influence is an arranged marriage in which the bride and groom have no say at all. For instance, in traditional Chinese practice, the bride and groom meet for the first time on their wedding day. In some upper-caste Hindu marriages, children are betrothed at a very young age and have no voice in the decision. In a less extreme form of arranged marriage, parents may do the matchmaking, but the young people can veto the choice. Some small cultures scattered around the world have what social scientists call preferential marriage. In this system, the bride or groom is supposed to marry a particular kind of person—for example, a cousin on the mother’s or father’s side of the family.

In many traditional societies, marriage typically involved transfers of property from the parents to their marrying children or from one set of parents to the other. These customs persist in some places today and are part of the tradition of arranged marriages. For example, in some cultures the bride’s parents may give property (known as a dowry) to the new couple. The practice of giving dowries has been common in countries such as Greece, Egypt, India, and China from ancient times until the present. It was also typical in European societies in the past. Although the giving of dowries has been part of the norms of marriage in these cultures, often only those people with property could afford to give a dowry to the young couple.

Families use dowries to attract a son-in-law with desirable qualities, such as a particularly bright man

from a poor but respectable family or a man with higher status but with less money than the bride’s family has. In societies in which the giving of dowries is customary, families with many daughters can become impoverished by the costs of marriage. For this reason, in Europe in earlier times some families sent “extra” daughters to convents. In India and China, where it is expected that every woman will marry, families have sometimes tried to limit the number of daughters born to them.

Which of the following could be the most suitable title for the whole passage?

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It’s extremely rude not to say “thank you” when you are given something

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There is ___________ in my bed room

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to show the underlined part that needs correction (from 40 to 44)

Harvard University (A) was established (B)just after sixteen years (C) the Pilgrims arrived (D).

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______________ is determined by the weather.

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Mary was promoted to manager of the shop as she was the most able and efficient worker for the job

Read the following passage and mark the letter A,B,C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 25 to 34

Historically parents have played a major role in choosing marriage partners for their children, and
the custom continues in the world’s developing countries today. Parental influence is greatest when the parents have a large stake in whom their child marries. Traditionally, marriage has been regarded as an alliance between two families, rather than just between the two individuals. Aristocratic families could enhance their wealth or acquire royal titles through a child’s marriage. Marriage was also used as a way of sealing peace between former enemies, whether they were kings or feuding villagers.

The most extreme form of parental influence is an arranged marriage in which the bride and groom have no say at all. For instance, in traditional Chinese practice, the bride and groom meet for the first time on their wedding day. In some upper-caste Hindu marriages, children are betrothed at a very young age and have no voice in the decision. In a less extreme form of arranged marriage, parents may do the matchmaking, but the young people can veto the choice. Some small cultures scattered around the world have what social scientists call preferential marriage. In this system, the bride or groom is supposed to marry a particular kind of person—for example, a cousin on the mother’s or father’s side of the family.

In many traditional societies, marriage typically involved transfers of property from the parents to their marrying children or from one set of parents to the other. These customs persist in some places today and are part of the tradition of arranged marriages. For example, in some cultures the bride’s parents may give property (known as a dowry) to the new couple. The practice of giving dowries has been common in countries such as Greece, Egypt, India, and China from ancient times until the present. It was also typical in European societies in the past. Although the giving of dowries has been part of the norms of marriage in these cultures, often only those people with property could afford to give a dowry to the young couple.

Families use dowries to attract a son-in-law with desirable qualities, such as a particularly bright man

from a poor but respectable family or a man with higher status but with less money than the bride’s family has. In societies in which the giving of dowries is customary, families with many daughters can become impoverished by the costs of marriage. For this reason, in Europe in earlier times some families sent “extra” daughters to convents. In India and China, where it is expected that every woman will marry, families have sometimes tried to limit the number of daughters born to them.

It can be inferred from the passage that historical parents want their child to get married to one from an aristocratic family because they can ___________

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______ the low rainfall this year, the crops did not produce a high yield

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“ How would you like to have this genuine gold watch?’”
“ __________________”.

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Today, women are increasingly involved _________ the politics

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Tired of being a tiny cog in a vast machine, he handed in his resignation

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_______, I did what I could to make them feel at home

Read the following passage and mark the letter A,B,C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 25 to 34

Historically parents have played a major role in choosing marriage partners for their children, and
the custom continues in the world’s developing countries today. Parental influence is greatest when the parents have a large stake in whom their child marries. Traditionally, marriage has been regarded as an alliance between two families, rather than just between the two individuals. Aristocratic families could enhance their wealth or acquire royal titles through a child’s marriage. Marriage was also used as a way of sealing peace between former enemies, whether they were kings or feuding villagers.

The most extreme form of parental influence is an arranged marriage in which the bride and groom have no say at all. For instance, in traditional Chinese practice, the bride and groom meet for the first time on their wedding day. In some upper-caste Hindu marriages, children are betrothed at a very young age and have no voice in the decision. In a less extreme form of arranged marriage, parents may do the matchmaking, but the young people can veto the choice. Some small cultures scattered around the world have what social scientists call preferential marriage. In this system, the bride or groom is supposed to marry a particular kind of person—for example, a cousin on the mother’s or father’s side of the family.

In many traditional societies, marriage typically involved transfers of property from the parents to their marrying children or from one set of parents to the other. These customs persist in some places today and are part of the tradition of arranged marriages. For example, in some cultures the bride’s parents may give property (known as a dowry) to the new couple. The practice of giving dowries has been common in countries such as Greece, Egypt, India, and China from ancient times until the present. It was also typical in European societies in the past. Although the giving of dowries has been part of the norms of marriage in these cultures, often only those people with property could afford to give a dowry to the young couple.

Families use dowries to attract a son-in-law with desirable qualities, such as a particularly bright man

from a poor but respectable family or a man with higher status but with less money than the bride’s family has. In societies in which the giving of dowries is customary, families with many daughters can become impoverished by the costs of marriage. For this reason, in Europe in earlier times some families sent “extra” daughters to convents. In India and China, where it is expected that every woman will marry, families have sometimes tried to limit the number of daughters born to them.

According to passage, a preferential marriage is a marriage in which the bride and groom is supposed to marry _____________

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The problem was _________ we thought at first