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The first two decades of this century were dominated by the microbe hunters. These hunters had tracked down one after another of the microbes responsible for the most dreaded scourges of many centuries: tuberculosis, cholera, diphtheria. But there remained some terrible diseases for which no microbe could be incriminated: scurvy, pellagra, rickets, beriberi. Then it was discovered that these diseases were Câused by the lack of vitamins, a trace substance in the diet. The diseases could be prevented or cured by consuming foods that contained the vitamins. And so in the decades of the 1920‟s and 1930‟s, nutrition became a science and the vitamin hunters replaced the microbe hunters.
In the 1940‟s and 1950‟s, biochemists strived to learn why each of the vitamins was essential for health. They discovered that key enzymes in metabolism depend on one or another of the vitamins as coenzymes to perform the chemistry that provides cells with energy for growth and function. Now, these enzyme hunters occupied center stage.
You are aware that the enzymes hunters have been replaced by a new breed of hunters who are tracking genes – the blueprints for each of the enzymes – and are discovering the defective genes that Câuse inherited diseases – diabetes, cystic fibrosis. These gene hunters, or genetic engineers, use recombinant DNA technology to identify and clone genes and introduce them into bacterial cells and plants to create factories for the massive production of hormones and vaccines for medicine and for better crops for agriculture. Biotechnology has become a multibillion-dollar industry.
In view of the inexorable progress in science, we can expect that the gene hunters will be replaced in the spotlight. When and by whom? Which kind of hunter will dominate the scene in the last decade of our century and in the early decades of the next? I wonder whether the hunters who will occupy the spotlight will be neurobiologists who apply the techniques of the enzyme and gene hunters to the functions of the brain. What to call them? The head hunters. I will return to them later.
With which of the following statements would be the author be most likely to agree?
A. Most diseases are Caused by defective genes
B. Medical breakthroughs often depend on luck.
C. The focus of medical research will change in the next two decades.
D. Medical research throughout the twentieth century has been dominated by microbe hunters.
Giải bởi qa.haylamdo.com
Đáp án là C
Đoạn cuối cùng tác giả nói rằng thợ săn gene rồi sẽ bị thay thế để một loại thợ săn mới
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The new model costs twice more than last year‟s model
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The purpose of the United Nations, broad speaking, is to maintain peace and security and to encourage respect for human rights
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It was such a shock to receive a letter like that ___________.
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The company has to ___________ ways of reducing costs.
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Although we are concerned about the problem of energy sources, we must not fail recognizing the need for environmental protection
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Few men have influenced the development of American English to the extent that Noah Webster did. Born in West Hartford, Connecticut, in 1758, his name has become synonymous with American dictionaries. Graduated from Yale in 1778, he was admitted to the bar in 1781 and thereafter began to practice law in Hartford. Later, when he turned to teaching, he discovered how inadequate the available schoolbooks were for the children of a new and independent nation.
In response to the need for truly American textbooks, Webster published A Grammatical Institute of the English Language, a three-volume work that consisted of a speller, a grammar, and a reader. The first volume, which was generally known as The American Spelling Book, was so popular that eventually it sold more than 80 million copies and provided him with a considerable income for the rest of his life. While teaching, Webster began work on the Compendious Dictionary of the English Language, which was published in 1806.
In 1807 Noah Webster began his greatest work, An American Dictionary of the English Language. In preparing the manuscript, he devoted ten years to the study of English and its relationship to other languages and seven more years to the writing itself. Published in two volumes in 1828, An American Dictionary of the English Language has become the recognized authority for usage in the United States. Webster‟s purpose in writing it was to demonstrate that the American language was developing distinct meanings, pronunciation, and spellings from those of British English. He is responsible for advancing simplified spelling forms: develop instead of the British form develope; theater and center instead of theatre and centre; color and honor instead of colour and honour.
In 1840 Webster brought out a second edition of his dictionary, which included 70,000 entries instead of the original 38,000. This edition has served as the basis for many revisions that have been produced under the Webster name.
According to author, what was Webster‟s aim in writing An American Dictionary of the English Language?
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If it ___________ more humid in the desert of the Southwest, the hot temperatures would be unbearable
Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word(s) CLOSEST in meaning to the underlined word(s) in each of the following questions from 62 to 64.
Reading a good mystery only whets my appetite for more books by the same author
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Did your train leave from ___________?
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If the service isn‟t up to standard, I think you have ___________
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Buy the new ___________ of soap now on sale. It is softer than all others.
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The tourists ___________ on the beach when a big wave swept ashore, carrying everything to the sea.
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John lost the ___________ bicycle he bought last week and his parents were very angry with him because of his carelessness
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The production of different kinds of artificial materials are essential to the conservation of our natural resources
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In the Navajo household, grandparents and other relatives play indispensable roles in raising the children
