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Most languages have several levels of vocabulary that may be used by the same speakers. In English, at least three have been identified and described.

Standard usage includes those words and expressions understood, used, and accepted by a majority of the speakers of a language in any situation regardless of the levels of formality. As such, these words and expressions are well defined and listed in standard dictionaries. Colloquialisms, on the other hand, are familiar words and idioms that are understood by almost all speakers of a language and used in informal speech or writing, but not considered acceptable for more formal situations. Almost all idiomatic expressions are colloquial language. Slang, however, refers to words and expressions understood by a large number of speakers but not accepted as appropriate formal usage by the majority. Colloquial expressions and even slang may be found in standard dictionaries but will be so identified. Both Colloquial usage and slang are more common in speech than in writing. Colloquial speech often passes into standard speech. Some slang also passes into standard speech, but other slang expressions enjoy momentary popularity followed by obscurity. In some cases, the majority never accepts certain slang phrases but nevertheless retains them in their collective memories. Every generation seems to require its own set of words to describe familiar objects and events.

It has been pointed out by a number of linguists that three cultural conditions are necessary for the creation of a large body of slang expressions. First, the introduction and acceptance of new objects and situations in the society; second, a diverse population with a large number of subgroups; third, association among the subgroups and the majority population.

Finally, it is worth noting that the terms "standard", "colloquial" and "slang" exist only as abstract labels for scholars who study language. Only a tiny number of the speakers of any language will be aware that they are using colloquial or slang expressions. Most speakers of English will, during appropriate situations, select and use all three types of expressions.

Which of the following is the main topic of the passage?

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LEARNING A SECOND LANGUAGE

Some people learn a second language (1)_____. Other people have trouble learning a new language. How can you have (2)_____learn a new language such as English? There are several ways to make learning English a little (3)_____ and more interesting .

The first step is to feel positive about learning English . If you believe that you can learn,you will learn and (4)____ patient. You do not to have to understand (5)____all at once. It `s natural to make mistakes when you learn something new. We can learn from our mistakes .

The second step is to practice your English. For example, write in a journal, or diary, every day. You will get used to (6)_____in English, and you will feel comfortable expressing your ideas in English. After several weeks, you will see that your writing is improving. (7)_____, you must speak English every day. You can practice with your classmates (8)_____class.

The third step is to keep a record of your language learning . You can write this in your journal. After each class, think about what you did. Did you answer a question correctly? Did you understand something the teacher explained? Perhaps the lesson was difficult, but you tried to understand it. It is important to practice every day and make a record of your achievements.

Question 1

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Question 3

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Question 8

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Question 5

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Question 6

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Question 4

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Question 2

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Question 7

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The statement: "Colloquialisms, on the other hand, are familiar words and idioms that are understood by almost all speakers of a language and used in informal speech or writing, but not considered acceptable for more formal situations." means:

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How is slang defined by the author?

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Which of the following is true of standard usage?

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The word "them" refers to__________

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The author mentions all of the following as requirements for slang expressions to be created EXCEPT

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The word "obscurity" could best be replaced by __________