Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the word whose underlined part differs from the other three in pronunciation in each of the following questions.

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the word whose underlined part differs from the other three in pronunciation in each of the following questions.

Inventors' and engineers' initial ideas rarely solve a problem. Instead, they try different ideas, learn from mistakes, and try again.

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the sentence that best combines each pair of sentences in the following questions.

 His parents don't like some of his friends. His friends wear too flashy clothes.

- A: "Doctor, can you give me some suggestions on how to stay healthy?"

- B: “___________________.”

Mark the letter A, B, C or D to indicate the option that best completes following exchanges.

- "Do you get along well with your brothers?" – “______________”

"You should open up and tell our teacher about your situation", said Maria to Victor.

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the sentence that is closest in meaning to each of the following questions.

It is against the school rules to cheat in the test.

It can be inferred from the passage that coral reefs ______________.

As mentioned in the last paragraph, why a reef is called a barrier reef?

What does the word “they” in the last paragraph refer to?

According to the passage, the following are true about coral reefs, EXCEPT ____________.

The word “solitary” in the first paragraph could be best replaced by ____________.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions.

Coral reefs are some of the most diverse ecosystems in the world, housing tens of thousands of marine species. With their hardened surfaces, corals are sometimes mistaken as being rocks. And, because they are attached, “taking root” to the seafloor, they are often mistaken for plants. However, unlike rocks, corals are alive. And unlike plants, corals do not make their own food. Corals are in fact animals. Appearing as solitary forms in the fossil record more than 400 million years ago, corals are extremely ancient animals that evolved into modern reef-building forms over the last 25 million years.

Coral reefs are the largest structures on earth of biological origin. Coral reefs are unique and complex systems. Rivaling old growth forests in longevity of their ecological communities, well-developed reefs reflect thousands of years of history.

Corals are ancient animals related to jellyfish and anemones. The branch or mound that we often call “a coral” is actually made up of thousands of tiny animals called polyps. A coral polyp is an invertebrate that can be no bigger than a pinhead to up to 30 centimeters (1 foot) in diameter. The polyps extend their tentacles at night to sting and ingest tiny organisms called plankton and other small creatures. Each polyp has a saclike body and a mouth that is encircled by stinging tentacles. The polyp uses calcium carbonate (limestone) from seawater to build a hard, cup-shaped skeleton. This skeleton protects the soft, delicate body of the polyp.

Reefs only occur in shallow areas that are reachable by sunlight because of the relationship between coral and algae. Various types of microscopic algae, known as Symbiodinium, live inside of the coral, providing them with food and helping them to grow faster.

There are over 2,500 kinds (species) of corals. About 1,000 are the hard corals that build coral reefs. Other corals are soft corals. Soft corals have skeletons that are flexible and can bend with the water. The three main types of coral reefs are fringing reefs, barrier reefs, and coral atolls. The most common type of reef is the fringing reef. This type of reef grows seaward directly from the shore. They form borders along the shoreline and surrounding islands. When a fringing reef continues to grow upward from a volcanic island that has sunk entirely below sea level, an atoll is formed. Atolls are usually circular or oval in shape, with an open lagoon in the center. Any reef that is called a barrier reef gets its name because its presence protects the shallow waters along the shore from the open sea. That protection promotes the survival of many types of sea plant and animal life.

(Adapted from http://justfunfacts.com)

Which of the following could best reflect the main purpose of the author in the passage?

According to paragraph 3, what step is NOT included in the mindful visualization technique?

According to paragraph 2, what is NOT mentioned as a contributing factor for victory?

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions.

No matter how much you’ve trained, performance anxiety before or during a competition may occur, hindering the results of your match.

While you can tell yourself to stay calm prior to a competition, managing performance anxiety may not be as simple as. Research has shown that strategies such as meditation and guided imagery are great places to start; both require your brain to rehearse what you will do during your competition. Your imagination holds much more power than you may expect, helping you focus on how to beat your opponent, instead of other factors that contribute to your anxiety. Adequate preparation also plays a large role.

To master the mental game, it takes time. Starting one month before your competition, consider sitting in solitude in a comfortable position for 15 minutes each day. Focus first on breathing in and out deeply. Then, begin to imagine competition situations and visualize yourself in a fight with your competitor. Be mindful of your anxiety and return your focus to breathing if you feel yourself tense up. Sometimes, you may find yourself thinking self-deprecating or negative thoughts, at which point you should consciously replace any negative self-talk with positive self-talk. During these visualizations, also be sure to think about your posture and form and create cues — mental and verbal — that will help you review and correct your technique.

Pre-competition jitters are completely normal and it’s important to acknowledge that. Accepting that this excitement and/or nervousness is normal will help your body also understand that what you are experiencing is not fear, but perhaps part of your adrenaline response to competition. With more experience, mindful visualization and mental/physical preparation can help you manage and overcome performance anxiety.

(source: https://blog.perfectmind.com/)

Vinton G. Cerf founded the InterNetworking Group in 1972 and this has been since recognized as the birth-year of the Internet.

Mark the letter A, B, C or D to indicate the underlined part that needs correction in each of the following questions.

 The reasons why lack of water causes the body to become stressed and diseased, as well as very simple methods to ensure your own vibrant health, are all explained in details.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct word or phrase that best fits each of the numbered blanks.

Amparo Lasén, the Spanish sociologist who conducted the study found that Londoners use their cell phones the least in public. If they are with others, they prefer to let calls be answered by voice mail (a recorded message) and then they check for messages later. If the English do answer a call on the street, they seem to dislike talking with others around. They tend to move away from a crowded sidewalk and seek out a place (23) ________ they cannot be heard, such as the far side of a subway entrance or even the edge of a street. They seem to feel that the danger of the traffic is (24) ___________ to the risk of having their conversation be overheard. This has led to a behavior that Laser has called "clustering." At a busy time of day on the streets of London, you may find small crowds of cell phone users grouped together, each one talking into a cell phone. Even when it is raining—as it is often in London—people still prefer not to hold their conversations where others could hear. They talk (25) _____________ their umbrellas or in a doorway.

In Paris, however, there are stricter rules about how and when to use cell phones. It is not considered polite to use a phone in a restaurant, (26) ______________, though it might be acceptable in the more informal setting of a café. One special custom that has developed in cafés seems unique to Paris. Young women often place their cell phones on the table beside them to signal that they are expecting someone. When the friend arrives, the phone is (27) _____________. In fact, the French are generally very disapproving of phone use in public and are quick to express that disapproval, even to strangers.

(Adapted from “Advanced Reading Power” by Beatrice S. Mikulecky and Linda Jeffries)

If it had not been for the couch's decision to strike while the iron is hot, the team would not have won the game so easily.

Mark the letter A, B, C or D to indicate the word(s) OPPOSITE in meaning to the underlined word(s) in each of the following questions.

The manager needs an assistant that he can count on to take care of problems in his absence.

Mark the letter A, B, C or D to indicate the word(s) CLOSEST in meaning to the underlined word(s) in each of the following questions.

A lot of adults pay lip service to the idea that it is important to listen to teenagers' ideas, but they tend to listen and then forget.

Cultural diversity expands choices, nurtures _______ variety of skills, human values and worldviews and provides wisdom from the past to inform the future.

It is the classical Athenians who can probably lay claim ____ the invention of commercial advertising as we know it today.

A smart city is an urban area that uses different types of electronic data collection sensors to supply information which ____ assets and resources efficiently.

Jimmy always takes the _____ by the horns at every chance in order to become a famous pop star, which is why he is so successful now.

Gender ____ is not only a fundamental human right, but a necessary foundation for a peaceful, prosperous and sustainable world.

Tourism is changing rapidly as nature, heritage, and recreational destinations become more important, and as conventional tourism is forced to ____ tougher environmental requirements.

________ the Australian gold mining company ________ more care with the storage of cyanide, the catastrophe could have been prevented.

Mark the letter A, B, C or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions.

The late 1800s and early 1900s ____ excitement over a wide array of inventions and developments.