Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions.
Butterflies are among the most extensively studied insects – an estimated 90 percent of the world’s species have scientific names. As a consequence, they are perhaps the best group of insects for examining patterns of terrestrial biotic diversity and distribution. Butterflies also have a favorable image with the general public. Hence, they are an excellent group for communicating information on science and conservation issues such as diversity.
Perhaps the aspect of butterfly diversity that has received the most attention over the past century is the striking difference in species richness between tropical and temperate regions.
For example, in 1875 one biologist pointed out the diversity of butterflies in the Amazon when he mentioned that about 700 species were found within an hour’s walk, whereas the total number found on the British islands did not exceed 66, and the whole of Europe supported only 321. This early comparison of tropical and temperate butterfly richness has been well confirmed.
A general theory of diversity would have to predict not only this difference between temperate and tropical zones, but also patterns within each region, and how these patterns very among different animal and plant groups. However, for butterflies, variation of species richness within temperate or tropical regions, rather than between them, is poorly understood. Indeed, comparisons of numbers of species among the Amazon basin, tropical Asia, and Africa are still mostly “personal communication” citations, even for vertebrates. In other words, unlike comparison between temperate and tropical areas, these patterns are still in the documentation phase.
In documenting geographical variation in butterfly diversity, some arbitrary, practical decisions are made. Diversity, number of species, and species richness are used synonymously; little is known about the evenness of butterfly distribution. The New World butterflies make up the preponderance of example because they are the most familiar species. It is hoped that by focusing on them, the errors generated by imperfect and incomplete taxonomy will be minimized.
Which of the following is NOT well understood by biologists?
A. European butterfly habitats
B. Differences in species richness between temperate and tropical regions
C. Differences in species richness within a temperate or a tropical region
D. Comparisons of behavior patterns of butterflies and certain animal groups
Giải bởi qa.haylamdo.com
Đáp án C.
Key words: NOT, understood, biologists.
Clue: Not well understood = poorly understood: hiểu không rõ.
1. “… the diversity of butterflies in the Amazon… about 700 species were found within an hour’s walk, whereas the total number found on the British islands did not exceed 66, and the whole of Europe supported only 321. This early comparison of tropical and temperate butterfly richness has been well confirmed”: … sự đa dạng của loài bướm ở Amazon… có khoảng 700 loài bướm được tìm thấy chỉ trong 1 tiếng đi dạo, trong khi đó tổng số tìm được trên quần đảo của Anh không vượt quá 66 và toàn bộ châu Âu chỉ là 321 loài. Sự so sánh ban đầu về sự phong phú của loài bướm nhiệt đới và ôn đới đã được khẳng định rõ.
2. “However, for butterflies, variation of species richness within temperate or tropical regions, rather than between them, is poorly understood”: Tuy nhiên, với loài bướm, sự biến đổi mức độ phong phú của loài trong vùng ôn đới và nhiệt đới chứ không phải là giữa các loài, thì không được hiểu rõ.
3. “A general theory of diversity would have to predict… how these patterns vary among different animal and plant groups”: Một lý thuyết tổng quát về sự đa dạng đã phải dự đoán được … những kiểu mẫu này biến đổi như thế nào giữa các nhóm động thực vật khác nhau.
Phân tích:
A. European butterfly habitats: Môi trường sống của loài bướm châu Âu – Sai vì theo Clue số 1, sự phong phú của loài bướm châu Âu ở các môi trường sống của chúng như vùng nhiệt đới và ôn đới đã được khẳng định rõ → các nhà khoa học hiểu rõ về môi trường sống của chúng.
B. Differences in species richness between temperate and tropical regions: Sự khác biệt của độ phong phú của loài giữa các vùng ôn đới và nhiệt đới. – Sai, trùng với phân tích ở Clue số 2. Các nhà khoa học hiểu rõ về sự đa dạng loài giữa các vùng này.
C. Differences in species richness within a temperate or a tropical region – Đúng. Xem clue số 2. “… variation of species richness within temperate or tropical regions, …, is poorly understood” → đây chính là điều mà các nhà sinh vật học chưa thể hiểu rõ được.
D. Comparisons of behavior patterns of butterflies and certain animal groups: So sánh giữa hành vi của loài bướm với các nhóm động vật nhất định – Sai vì theo Clue số 3, có hẳn một lý thuyết về vấn đề này nên các nhà khoa học không thể hiểu biết ít về vấn đề này được.
Vậy đáp án chính xác là đáp án C.
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EXTRA Một số từ khóa trong bài: - temperate region / ˈtempərət ˈriːdʒən /: vùng ôn đới - arbitrary decision / ˈɑːbɪtrəri dɪˈsɪʒn /: quyết định tùy hứng |
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