Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 43 to 50.
Learning means acquiring knowledge or developing the ability to perform new behaviors. It is common to think of learning as something that takes place in school, but much of human learning occurs outside the classroom, and people continue to learn throughout their lives.
Even before they enter school, young children learn to walk, to talk, and to use their hands to manipulate toys, food, and other objects. They use all of their senses to learn about the sights, sounds, tastes, and smells in their environments. They learn how to interact with their parents, siblings, friends, and other people important to their world. When they enter school, children learn basic academic subjects such as reading, writing, and mathematics. They also continue to learn a great deal outside the classroom. They learn which behaviors are likely to be rewarded and which are likely to be punished. They learn social skills for interacting with other children. After they finish school, people must learn to adapt to the many major changes that affect their lives, such as getting married, raising children, and finding and keeping a job.
Because learning continues throughout our lives and affects almost everything we do, the study of learning is important in many different fields. Teachers need to understand the best ways to educate children. Psychologists, social workers, criminologists, and other human-service workers need to understand how certain experiences change people’s behaviors. Employers, politicians, and advertisers make use of the principles of learning to influence the behavior of workers, voters, and consumers.
Learning is closely related to memory, which is the storage of information in the brain. Psychologists who study memory are interested in how the brain stores knowledge, where this storage takes place, and how the brain later retrieves knowledge when we need it. In contrast, psychologists who study learning are more interested in behavior and how behavior changes as a result of a person’s experiences.
There are many forms of learning, ranging from simple to complex. Simple forms of learning involve a single stimulus. A stimulus is anything perceptible to the senses, such as a sight, sound, smell, touch, or taste. In a form of learning known as classical conditioning, people learn to associate two stimuli that occur in sequence, such as lightning followed by thunder. In operant conditioning, people learn by forming an association between a behavior and its consequences (reward or punishment). People and animals can also learn by observation – that is, by watching others perform behaviors. More complex forms of learning in clued learning languages, concepts, and motor skills.
It can be inferred from the passage that social workers, employers, and politicians concern themselves with the study of learning because they need to _____
A. understand how a stimulus relates to the senses of the objects of their interest
B. change the behaviors of the objects of their interest towards learning
C. thoroughly understand the behaviors of the objects of their interest
D. make the objects of their interest more aware of the importance of learning
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Đáp án C
Thông tin: Psychologists, social workers, criminologists, and other human-service workers need to understand how certain experiences change people’s behaviors. Employers, politicians, and advertisers make use of the principles of learning to influence the behavior of workers, voters, and consumers.
Dịch nghĩa: Các nhà tâm lí học, công nhân xã hội, nhà tội phạm học, và những người lao động thuộc ngành dịch vụ liên quan đến con người cần hiểu những trải nghiệm nhất định thay đổi hành vi con người như thế nào. Ông chủ, nhà chính trị, và nhà quảng cáo sử dụng những nguyên tắc của việc học để tác động lên hành vi của công nhân, cử tri và khách hàng.
Từ có có thể hiểu rằng công nhân xã hội, ông chủ và nhà chính trị quan tâm đến nghiên cứu việc học để có thể hiểu rõ hơn về hành vi của đối tượng mà họ cần hướng đến. Do đó, phương án C. thoroughly understand the behaviors of the objects of their interest = hiểu một cách kỹ lưỡng những hành vi của đối tượng mà họ quan tâm, là phương án chính xác nhất.
A. understand how a stimulus relates to the senses of the objects of their interest = hiểu làm thế nào một kích thích liên quan đến các giác quan của đối tượng mà họ quan tâm.
Không có thông tin như vậy trong bài.
B. change the behaviors of the objects of their interest towards learning = thay đổi những hành vi của đối tượng mà họ quan tâm đối với việc học.
Không có thông tin như vậy trong bài.
D. make the objects of their interest more aware of the importance of learning = làm cho đối tượng mà họ quan tâm hiểu biết hơn về tầm quan trọng của việc học.
Không có thông tin như vậy trong bài.
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