Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 36 to 42.
In the United States in the early 1800's, individual state governments had more effect on the economy than did the federal government. States chartered manufacturing, banking, mining, and transportation firms and participated in the construction of various internal improvements such as canals, turnpikes, and railroads. The states encouraged internal improvements in two distinct ways; first, by actually establishing state companies to build such improvement; second, by providing part of the capital for mixed public-private companies setting out to make a profit.
In the early nineteenth century, state governments also engaged in a surprisingly large amount of direct regulatory activity, including extensive licensing and inspection programs. Licensing targets reflected both similarities in and differences between the economy of the nineteenth century and that of today: in the nineteenth century, state regulation through licensing fell especially on peddlers, innkeepers, and retail merchants of various kinds. The perishable commodities of trade generally came under state inspection, and such important frontier staples as lumber and gunpowder were also subject to state control. Finally, state governments experimented with direct labor and business regulation designed to help the individual laborer or consumer, including setting maximum limits on hours of work and restrictions on price-fixing by businesses.
Although the states dominated economic activity during this period, the federal government was not inactive. Its goals were the facilitation of western settlement and the development of native industries. Toward these ends the federal government pursued several courses of action. It established a national bank to stabilize banking activities in the country and, in part, to provide a supply of relatively easy money to the frontier, where it was greatly needed for settlement. It permitted access to public western lands on increasingly easy terms, culminating in the Homestead Act of 1862, by which title to land could be claimed on the basis of residence alone. Finally, it set up a system of tariffs that was basically protectionist in effect, although maneuvering for position by various regional interests produced frequent changes in tariff rates throughout the nineteenth century.
It can be inferred from the first paragraph that in the nineteenth century canals and railroads were
A. built with money that came from the federal government
B. much more expensive to build than they had been previously
C. built predominantly in the western part of the country
D. sometimes built in part by state companies
Giải bởi qa.haylamdo.com
Đáp án D
Thông tin: The states encouraged internal improvements in two distinct ways; first, by actually establishing state companies to build such improvement; second, by providing part of the capital for mixed public-private companies setting out to make a profit.
Dịch nghĩa: Các tiểu bang khuyến khích cải tiến nội bộ theo hai cách riêng biệt; đầu tiên, bằng cách thực sự thiết lập các công ty nhà nước để xây dựng cải tiến đó; thứ hai, bằng cách cung cấp một phần vốn cho các công ty công tư hỗn hợp thiết lập ra để tạo ra lợi nhuận.
Như vậy các cải tiến nội bộ như kênh đào, đường cao tốc, đường sắt có thể được xây dựng hoàn toàn bởi công ty nhà nước hoặc một phần bởi công ty nhà nước và một phần bởi công ty tư nhân.
Phương án D. sometimes built in part by state companies = một chiếc thuyền nổi trên mặt nước; là phương án chính xác nhất.
A. built with money that came from the federal government = được xây dựng với số tiền đến từ chính phủ liên bang.
Không có thông tin như vậy trong bài.
B. much more expensive to build than they had been previously = đắt hơn nhiều để xây dựng so với chúng đã từng trước đây.
Không có thông tin như vậy trong bài.
C. built predominantly in the western part of the country = được xây dựng chủ yếu ở phía tây của đất nước.
Không có thông tin như vậy trong bài.
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Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 43 to 50.
What we today call American folk art was, indeed, art of, by, and for ordinary, everyday “folks” who, with increasing prosperity and leisure, created a market for art of all kinds, and especially for portraits. Citizens of prosperous, essentially middle-class republics — whether ancient Romans, seventeenth-century Dutch burghers, or nineteenth-century Americans — have always shown a marked taste for portraiture. Starting in the late eighteenth century, the United States contained increasing numbers of such people, and of the artists who could meet their demands. The earliest American folk art portraits come, not surprisingly, from New England — especially Connecticut and Massachusetts — for this was a wealthy and populous region and the center of a strong craft tradition. Within a few decades after the signing of the Declaration of Independence in 1776, the population was pushing westward, and portrait painters could be found at work in western New York, Ohio,
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Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions.
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