* Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 43 to 50.
Cooperation is the common endeavor of two or more people to perform a task or reach a jointly cherished goal. Like competition and conflict, there are different forms of cooperation, based on group organization and attitudes.
In the first form, known as primary cooperation, group and individual fuse. The group contains nearly all of each individual’s life. The rewards of the group’s work are shared with each member. There is an interlocking identity of individual, group and task performed. Means and goals become one, for cooperation itself is valued.
While primary cooperation is most often characteristic of preliterature societies, secondary cooperation is characteristic of many modem societies. In secondary cooperation, individuals devote only part of their lives to the group. Cooperation itself is not a value. Most members of the group feel loyalty, but the welfare of the group is not the first consideration. Members perform tasks so that they can separately enjoy the fruits of their cooperation in the form of salary, prestige, or power. Business offices and professional athletic teams are examples of secondary cooperation.
In the third type, called tertiary cooperation or accommodation, latent conflict underlies the shared work. The attitudes of the cooperating parties are purely opportunistic: the organization is loose and fragile. Accommodation involves common means to achieve antagonistic goals: it breaks down when the common means cease to aid each party in reaching its goals. This is not, strictly speaking, cooperation at all, and hence the somewhat contradictory term antagonistic cooperation is sometimes used for this relationship.
What is the author’s main purpose in the first paragraph of the passage?
A. To offer a brief definition of cooperation
B. To explain how cooperation differs from competition and conflict
C. To urge readers to cooperate more often
D. To show the importance of group organization and attitudes
Giải bởi qa.haylamdo.com
ĐÁP ÁN A
Thông tin: Cooperation is the common endeavor of two or more people to perform a task or reach a jointly cherished goal. Like competition and conflict, there are different forms of cooperation, based on group organization and attitudes.
Dịch nghĩa: Hợp tác là nỗ lực chung của hai hoặc nhiều người để thực hiện một công việc hoặc đạt được một mục tiêu cùng nhau ấp ủ. Giống như đối thủ cạnh tranh và xung đột, có những hình thức khác nhau của sự hợp tác, dựa trên tổ chức và thái độ của nhóm.
Phương án A. To offer a brief definition of cooperation - để đưa ra một định nghĩa ngắn gọn về sự hợp tác; là phương án chính xác nhất.
B. To explain how cooperation differs from competition and conflict = Để giải thích hợp tác khác với cạnh tranh và xung đột như thế nào.
Không có thông tin như vậy trong đoạn 1.
C. To urge readers to cooperate more often = Đôn dốc độc giả để hợp tác thường xuyên hơn.
Không có thông tin như vậy trong đoạn 1.
D. To show the importance of group organization and attitudes = Để thể hiện tầm quan trọng của tổ chức và thái độ của nhóm.
Không có thông tin như vậy trong đoạn 1.
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