* Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 43 to 50.
Cooperation is the common endeavor of two or more people to perform a task or reach a jointly cherished goal. Like competition and conflict, there are different forms of cooperation, based on group organization and attitudes.
In the first form, known as primary cooperation, group and individual fuse. The group contains nearly all of each individual’s life. The rewards of the group’s work are shared with each member. There is an interlocking identity of individual, group and task performed. Means and goals become one, for cooperation itself is valued.
While primary cooperation is most often characteristic of preliterature societies, secondary cooperation is characteristic of many modem societies. In secondary cooperation, individuals devote only part of their lives to the group. Cooperation itself is not a value. Most members of the group feel loyalty, but the welfare of the group is not the first consideration. Members perform tasks so that they can separately enjoy the fruits of their cooperation in the form of salary, prestige, or power. Business offices and professional athletic teams are examples of secondary cooperation.
In the third type, called tertiary cooperation or accommodation, latent conflict underlies the shared work. The attitudes of the cooperating parties are purely opportunistic: the organization is loose and fragile. Accommodation involves common means to achieve antagonistic goals: it breaks down when the common means cease to aid each party in reaching its goals. This is not, strictly speaking, cooperation at all, and hence the somewhat contradictory term antagonistic cooperation is sometimes used for this relationship.
According to the passage, why do people join groups that practice secondary cooperation?
A. To get rewards for themselves
B. To defeat a common enemy
C. To experience the satisfaction of cooperation
D. To associate with people who have similar backgrounds
Giải bởi qa.haylamdo.com
ĐÁP ÁN A
Thông tin: Members perform tasks so that they can separately enjoy the fruits of their cooperation in the form of salary, prestige, or power.
Dịch nghĩa: Thành viên thực hiện nhiệm vụ để họ riêng rẽ có thể tận hưởng thành quả của sự hợp tác của họ trong các hình thức tiền lương, uy tín, hoặc quyền lực.
Như vậy mục đích tham gia vào sự hợp tác thứ cấp là để đạt được lợi ích nào đó cho bản thân. Do dó. phương án A. To get rewards for themselves = Để nhận được phần thưởng cho bản thân; là phương án chính xác nhất.
B. To defeat a common enemy = Để đánh bại một kẻ thù chung.
Không có thông tin như vậy trong bài.
C. To experience the satisfaction of cooperation = Để trải nghiệm sự hài lòng hợp tác.
Không có thông tin như vậy trong bài.
D. To associate with people who have similar backgrounds = Để kết hợp với những người có lí lịch tương tự.
Không có thông tin như vậy trong bài.
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