* Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 43 to 50.
Cooperation is the common endeavor of two or more people to perform a task or reach a jointly cherished goal. Like competition and conflict, there are different forms of cooperation, based on group organization and attitudes.
In the first form, known as primary cooperation, group and individual fuse. The group contains nearly all of each individual’s life. The rewards of the group’s work are shared with each member. There is an interlocking identity of individual, group and task performed. Means and goals become one, for cooperation itself is valued.
While primary cooperation is most often characteristic of preliterature societies, secondary cooperation is characteristic of many modem societies. In secondary cooperation, individuals devote only part of their lives to the group. Cooperation itself is not a value. Most members of the group feel loyalty, but the welfare of the group is not the first consideration. Members perform tasks so that they can separately enjoy the fruits of their cooperation in the form of salary, prestige, or power. Business offices and professional athletic teams are examples of secondary cooperation.
In the third type, called tertiary cooperation or accommodation, latent conflict underlies the shared work. The attitudes of the cooperating parties are purely opportunistic: the organization is loose and fragile. Accommodation involves common means to achieve antagonistic goals: it breaks down when the common means cease to aid each party in reaching its goals. This is not, strictly speaking, cooperation at all, and hence the somewhat contradictory term antagonistic cooperation is sometimes used for this relationship.
Which of the following is an example of the third form of cooperation as it is defined in the fourth paragraph?
A. Members of a farming community share work and the food that they grow
B. Two rival political parties temporarily work together to defeat a third party
C. Students form a study group so that all of them can improve their grades
D. A new business attempts to take customers away from an established company
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ĐÁP ÁN B
Thông tin: In the third type, called tertiary cooperation or accommodation, latent conflict underlies the shared work. The attitudes of the cooperating parties are purely opportunistic: the organization is loose and fragile. Accommodation involves common means to achieve antagonistic goals; it breaks down when the common means cease to aid each party in reaching its goals.
Dịch nghĩa: Trong loại thứ ba, gọi là hợp tác thứ ba hoặc sự thỏa thuận, xung đột tiềm ẩn là cơ sở cho công việc chung. Thái độ của các bên hợp tác hoàn toàn mang tính cơ hội: tổ chức lỏng lẻo và dễ vỡ. Sự thỏa thuận liên quan đến phương tiện chung để đạt được các mục tiêu đối kháng: nó sụp đổ khi các phương tiện chung không còn hỗ trợ mỗi bên trong việc đạt được mục tiêu của mình.
Như vậy bản chất của hợp tác loại ba là hai bên vốn đối đầu nhau, nhưng tạm thời hợp tác để đạt được một mục tiêu chung, sau khi đạt được lại quay trở lại quan hệ ban đầu.
Phương án B. Two rival political parties temporarlly work together to defeat a third party = Hai đảng chính trị đối thủ tạm thời làm việc với nhau để đánh bại một bên thứ ba; là phương án chính xác nhất.
A. Members of a farming community share work and the food that they grow = Thành viên của một cộng đồng nông nghiệp chia sẻ công việc và thực phẩm mà họ trồng.
Đây là ví dụ của hợp tác cơ bản.
C. Students form a study group so that all of them can improve their grades = Học sinh tạo thành một nhóm nghiên cứu để tất cả trong số họ có thể cải thiện điểm số.
Đây là ví dụ của hợp tác thứ cấp.
D. A new business attempts to take customers away from an established company = Một doanh nghiệp mới cố gắng để đưa khách hàng đi từ một công ti đã thành lập.
Đây không phải ví dụ phù hợp cho bất cứ loại hợp tác nào được nhắc đến trong bài
Paris has been well-known about its famous monuments, beautiful music, and wonderful restaurants for over 100 years
* Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word(s) CLOSEST in meaning to the underlined word(s) in each of the following questions.
I am glad I was able to be there for my friend when her mom died..
* Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions.
Fiona is very angry .................. her boss’s decision to sack several members of staff.
* Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions.
The meeting didn’t.................. until late.
* Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions.
He's left his book at home; he's always so..................
* Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions.
When his parents are away, his oldest brother..................
Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word whose underlined part differs from the other three in pronunciation in each of the following questions.
* Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word(s) CLOSEST in meaning to the underlined word(s) in each of the following questions.
The sign indicates the correct direction to the store.
* Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the most suitable response to complete each of the following exchanges.
Jenny: “Thank you very much for your donation, Mr. Robinson.”
- Mr. Robinson: “....................................”
* Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions.
.................. long, I’m sure you will be speaking English.................. a native speaker.
* Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word(s) OPPOSITE in meaning to the underlined word(s) in each of the following questions.
It is relatively easy to identify the symptoms of the peculiar disease.
* Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word that differs from the other three in the position of primary stress in each of the following questions.
* Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word that differs from the other three in the position of primary stress in each of the following questions.
* Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions.
We are going to build a fence around the field with .................. to breeding sheep and cattle
