The urban poor, similarly, reaped few benefits from household improvements. Urban slums such as Chicago's nineteenth ward often had no sewers, garbage collection, or gas or electric lines; and tenements lacked both running water and central heating. At the turn of the century, variations in the nature of women's domestic work were probably more marked than at anytime before.

Where in the passage does the author discuss conditions in poor urban neighborhoods?

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 31 to 35.

Thousands of books have been written on the conflict between parents and teenagers. Psychologists and sociologists have spent years trying to understand the reasons for the tension and endless arguments between these two groups.

A close look at these arguments often reveals that the reasons are so trivial that we may wonder what the tears and shouts have all been about. Most arguments are not about major issues like the nuclear bomb or the ecological problems of the universe. The fights are usually about simple matters such as food, clothes, the weekly allowance or the telephone.

Let's take an ordinary day and examine what happens. Problems start around 7 a.m. It is then that parents expect their children to get up, get dressed, eat and go to school. Parents and alarm clocks seem like the enemies of mankind at that early hour. Some parents even expect the "poor" youngsters to tidy up their room and put everything in its place before leaving for school - a ridiculous demand - in the eyes of the "victims". In the afternoon, parents want them to do homework and study hard. They resent their children's endless conversations on the phone. In the evening, they complain about the clothes and jewelry the teenagers wear and preach for hours about the dangers on the road and the need to be home by midnight at the latest, like Cinderella.

Youngsters expect parents to be more flexible; not to preach and lecture but to advise and explain. They would like them to be tolerant of different views, listen to their problems and respect their privacy. However, even if they don't admit it, youngsters need the guidance and support of their parents, their approval or disapproval and even their firm opposition on crucial subjects such as drugs or alcohol. They need limits. They need loving but firm authority. In short, youngsters should be more patient and sensitive to their parents' feelings and parents must understand that they cannot prevent their children from making mistakes. Trial and error is, after all, a very important part of the process of growing up.

Most arguments between parents and teenagers are about_____________.

It's_____________house.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct word or phrase that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 26 to 30.

Becoming independent is an essential part of a child's journey to adulthood. To make this journey successful, children need freedom to try new things. But they still need your guidance and support too.

Your love and support are essential for your child's self-esteem. Young people who feel good about themselves often have more (26) _____________to discover who they are and what they want to do with their lives.

Try to (27) _____________ in to your child's feelings. It might help to remember that your child could be confused and upset by the physical, social and emotional changes of adolescence. Your child needs your emotional guidance and stability during this time.

Clear family rules about behaviour, communication and socialising will help your child understand where the limits are and what you expect. Rules will also help you be consistent (28) _____________how you treat your child. Once the rules are in place, apply them consistently.

Your family rules are likely to change as your child develops. As children get more mature, they can make a bigger contribution to the rules and the consequences for breaking them. Involving your child in developing rules helps him to understand the principles behind them. Every family has different rules. You can talk with your child about this and explain that his friends might have different rules, or a different number of rules.

(29) _____________you set the limits too strictly, your child might not have enough room to

grow and try new experiences. This period is a learning curve for both of you. Be prepared for some trial and error.

Younger teenagers might think they're ready to make their own decisions, but they often haven't developed the (30) _____________skills they need to handle significant responsibilities without your help. It can be a good idea to explain to your younger child why younger and older children are given different responsibilities.

(Adapted from: https://raisingchildren.net.au)

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet tn indicate the sentence that is closest in meaning to each of the following questions.

David broke his leg and couldn't play in the final.

(29) _____________you set the limits too strictly, your child might not have enough room to