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Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to Indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 36 to 42.

Railroads reshaped the North American environment and reoriented North American behavior. "In a quarter of a century", claimed the Omaha Daily Republican in 1883, "they have made the people of the United States homogeneous, breaking through the peculiarities and provincialisms which marked separate and unmingling sections."

The railroad simultaneously stripped the landscape of the natural resources, made velocity of transport and economy of scale necessary parts of industrial production, and carried consumer goods to households; itdispatched immigrants to unsettled places, drew emigrants away from farms and villages to cities, and sent men and guns to battle. It standardized time and travel, seeking to annihilatedistance and space by allowing movement at any time and in any season or type of weather. In its grand and impressive terminals and stations, architects recreated historic Roman temples and public baths, French chateaus and Italian bell towers “ edifices that people used as stages for many of everyday life's high emotions: meeting and parting, waiting and worrying, planning new starts or coming home.

Passenger terminals, like the luxury express trains that hurled people over spots, spotlight the romance of railroading. (The twentieth-Century Limited sped between Chicago and New York in twenty hours by 1915). Equally important to everyday life were the slow freight transport chugging through industrial zones, the morning and evening commuter locals shuttling back urban terminals, and the incessant comings and goings that occurred in the classifications, or switching, yards. Moreover, in addition to its being a transportation pathway equipped with a mammoth physical plant of tracks signals, crossings, bridges, and junctions, plus telegraph and telephone lines the railroad nurtured factory complexes, warehouses, and generating stations, forming along its right-of-way what has aptly been called "the metropolitan corridor" of the American landscape.

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Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 31 to 35.

In the modern word, people are always looking for more ways of keeping fit and staying healthy. The following are some ways to help you become healthy.

Running is excellent exercise. Before you begin running you should warm up first by using slow movements that make all your muscles work. But be careful! If you stretch when your muscles are cold, you might hurt yourself. Always wear comfortable clothing and make sure your trainers are in good shape. If you wear shoes that support your whole foot well, you will put less pressure on your knees. You should start exercising slowly, at a pace you can keep up for about 15 minutes. Try to exercise on soft ground, as this will protect your knees and hips from too much stress.

It's OK if you sometimes go to bed late but if you usually cut down on your sleep, it will soon have a negative effect on your skin. If you get a good night's rest, it will do you the world of gooD.Lack of sleep can cause acne or dry skin. Make sure that you get a good night's sleep by going to bed and getting up at regular times: don't burn the candle at both ends. During the day, keep active: if you don't get enough exercise during the day, you may end up sleepless all night.

Most of us live in big polluted cities. If you got more fresh air, you would look healthier and more attractive. A brisk walk is one of the best things you can do for circulation and appearance. Walking slowly is useful but a quick pace gets more oxygen into your lungs. So don't just go for a pleasant stroll, try and find an area that doesn't have much pollution, and get moving!

Many young people feel guilty about eating too much chocolate, and some even say that they are addicted to it, though there is no evidence to support this. Nevertheless, if your diet is balanced, you needn't feel guilty: eating chocolate in moderation is fine - but don't eat it instead of a proper meal!

The writer says that you should______________.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct word or phrase that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 26 to 30.

Quan Ho is a Vietnamese style of folk music that is often performed in spring festivals in the north of Vietnam. Bac Ninh province is (26) ______________to the traditional music which was first recorded in the 13th century and officially recognized as the (27) ______________Cultural Heritage by UNESCO in 2009. It is characterized by its meaningful lyrics, folk beauty of music and the way it is performe

There are a large number of Quan Ho melodies. A pair of female singers sing a 'challenge phrase' (cau ra) and a pair of male singers sing 'a matching phrase' (cau doi), which repeats the melody phrase. Most of lyrics focus on topics related to love and sentimental desire of young adults. Hardly any form of cultural activities place men and women (28) ______________an equal basis like Quan Ho; young adults are free to communicate and (29) ______________their feelings with each other and more importantly, lyrics convey their high emphasis on genuine feelings rather than money or social status in a romantic relationship.

Quan Ho seems to be a game instead of a folk music as teams of singers compete with each other through the match of lyrics and of melodies to bring wonderful performance to audiences. The melodies as well as the lyrics are so beautiful and rich in poetry that the appearance of instruments sometimes seems to be abundant; the musical message is sufficient by (30) ______________.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions from 43 to 50.

According to sociologists, there are several different ways in which a person may become recognized as the leader of a social group in the United States. In the family, traditional cultural patterns confer leadership on one or both of the parents. In other cases, such as friendship groups, one or more persons may gradually emerge as leaders, although there is no formal process of selection. In larger groups, leaders are usually chosen formally through election or recruitment.

Although leaders are often thought to be people with unusual personal ability, decades of research have failed to produce consistent evidence that there is any category of “natural leaders.” It seems that there is no set of personal qualities that all leaders have in common; rather, virtually any person may be recognized as a leader if the person has qualities that meet the needs of that particular group.

Furthermore, although it is commonly supposed that social groups have a single leader, research suggests that there are typically two different leadership roles that are held by different individuals. Instrumental leadership is leadership that emphasizes the completion of tasks by a social group. Group members look to instrumental leaders to “get things” done. Expressive leadership, on the other hand, is leadership that emphasizes the collective well¬being of a social group’s member. Expressive leader are less concerned with the overall goals of the group than with providing emotional support to group members and attempting to minimize tension and conflict among them. Group members expect expressive leaders to maintain stable relationships within the group and provide support to individual members. Instrumental leaders are likely to have a rather secondary relationship to other group members. They give orders and may discipline group members who inhibit attainment of the groups goals. Expressive leaders cultivate a more personal or primary relationship to others in the group. They offer sympathy when someone experiences difficulties or is subjected to discipline, are quick to lighten a serious moment with humor, and try to resolve issues that threaten to divide the group. As the differences in these two roles suggest, expressive leaders generally receive more personal affection from group members; instrumental leaders, if they are successful in promoting group goals, may enjoy a more distant respect.

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Read the following passage and choose A, B, C or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions from 38 to 42.

In this era of increased global warming and diminishing fossil fuel supplies, we must begin to put a greater priority on harnessing alternative energy sources. Fortunately, there are a number of readily available, renewable resources that are both cost- effective and earth - friendly. Two such resources are solar power and geothermal power.

Solar energy, which reaches the earth through sunlight, is so abundant that it could meet the needs of worldwide energy consumption 6,000 times over. And solar energy is easily harnessed through the use of photovoltaic cells that convert sunlight to electricity. In the us alone, more than 100, 000 homes are equipped with solar electric systems in the form of solar panels or solar roof tiles. And in other parts of the world, including many developing countries, the use of solar system is growing steadily.

Another alternative energy source, which is abundant in specific geographical areas, is geothermal power, which creates energy by tapping heat from below the surface of the earth. Hot water and steam that are trapped in underground pools are pumped to the surface and used to run a generator, which produces electricity. Geothermal energy is 50,000 times more abundant than the entire known supply of fossil fuel resources and as with solar power, the technology needed to utilize geothermal energy is fairly simple. A prime example of effective geothermal use in Iceland, a region of high geothermal activity where there are over 80 percent of private homes, are heated by geothermal power.

Solar and geothermal energy are just two of promising renewable alternatives to conventional energy sources. The time is long overdue to invest in the development and use of alternative energy on global scale. 

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