Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 35 to 42 

LIGHT POLLUTION

     Light pollution is an excessive, wasteful and obstructive light resulting from human activities. It is mostly seen in densely-populated cities and industrialized areas. The pollution includes the light used in factories and office buildings, commercial properties, streetlights, illuminated sporting venues and infrastructure. As beneficial as the invention of light and the development of industrialization have been to mankind, their secondary effect, light pollution, is adverse in multiple ways. 

     The two main types of light pollution recognized by environmentalists are light that intrudes on a natural setting and the use of disproportionate amount of light indoors. Light pollution may also be defined according to very specific categories into light trespass, glare and clutter. Light trespass happens when unwanted light enters someone’s property. For example, a neighbor turns on a bright light in his yard and this light enters a neighboring bedroom window, causing sleep deprivation or obstructing an evening view. Glare is the extreme contrast between light and dark areas such that the human eye has difficult in adjusting. Glare is not merely annoying, but bright lights on dark roads can obscure night vision for motorists temporarily, with accidents sometimes being the result. Clutter is the presence of numerous groups of lights. It may produce confusion and distract viewers. Badly designed street lights and neon advertising signs come under this category. 

     Even a small amount of light pollution can have a negative influence on its surrounding. For the novice astronomer, a little light can make it difficult to observe the night sky; this is the reason observatories are located in areas where light emissions are forbidden. For the human body, excessive light is detrimental. Ailments such as headaches, fatigue, stress, high blood pressure and anxiety are common to those who are constantly exposed to light. The effects of light pollution on animals are just devastating. Birds that migrate to the south for the winter are disoriented by lights on tall buildings, and they are sometimes attracted to these lights: millions die when they collide with these buildings. Zooplankton is unable to rise to the surface of a water body to eat algae because of bright light; the algae blooms overgrow, killing off other plants and destroying the water quality. The circadian rhythm of reptiles, insects and other animals is affected when light keeps them awake.

          Although the United States government is aware of the problem, it has been a challenge to draw up and enforce lighting regulations for the entire country. Some cities have formulated their own standards and solutions regarding outdoor lighting, but on the whole, the same standards cannot be administered in every city. Some solutions include minimizing the use of light, using timers to turn off lights automatically, utilizing the most pertinent types of light, redesigning plans and using sodium light which emits a single wavelength of light that is easier to filter

Which of the following is mentioned about light in paragraph 1? 

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 35 to 42 

LIGHT POLLUTION

     Light pollution is an excessive, wasteful and obstructive light resulting from human activities. It is mostly seen in densely-populated cities and industrialized areas. The pollution includes the light used in factories and office buildings, commercial properties, streetlights, illuminated sporting venues and infrastructure. As beneficial as the invention of light and the development of industrialization have been to mankind, their secondary effect, light pollution, is adverse in multiple ways. 

     The two main types of light pollution recognized by environmentalists are light that intrudes on a natural setting and the use of disproportionate amount of light indoors. Light pollution may also be defined according to very specific categories into light trespass, glare and clutter. Light trespass happens when unwanted light enters someone’s property. For example, a neighbor turns on a bright light in his yard and this light enters a neighboring bedroom window, causing sleep deprivation or obstructing an evening view. Glare is the extreme contrast between light and dark areas such that the human eye has difficult in adjusting. Glare is not merely annoying, but bright lights on dark roads can obscure night vision for motorists temporarily, with accidents sometimes being the result. Clutter is the presence of numerous groups of lights. It may produce confusion and distract viewers. Badly designed street lights and neon advertising signs come under this category. 

     Even a small amount of light pollution can have a negative influence on its surrounding. For the novice astronomer, a little light can make it difficult to observe the night sky; this is the reason observatories are located in areas where light emissions are forbidden. For the human body, excessive light is detrimental. Ailments such as headaches, fatigue, stress, high blood pressure and anxiety are common to those who are constantly exposed to light. The effects of light pollution on animals are just devastating. Birds that migrate to the south for the winter are disoriented by lights on tall buildings, and they are sometimes attracted to these lights: millions die when they collide with these buildings. Zooplankton is unable to rise to the surface of a water body to eat algae because of bright light; the algae blooms overgrow, killing off other plants and destroying the water quality. The circadian rhythm of reptiles, insects and other animals is affected when light keeps them awake.

     Although the United States government is aware of the problem, it has been a challenge to draw up and enforce lighting regulations for the entire country. Some cities have formulated their own standards and solutions regarding outdoor lighting, but on the whole, the same standards cannot be administered in every city. Some solutions include minimizing the use of light, using timers to turn off lights automatically, utilizing the most pertinent types of light, redesigning plans and using sodium light which emits a single wavelength of light that is easier to filter. 

According to paragraph 4, certain cities in the United States cope with light pollution by

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 35 to 42 

LIGHT POLLUTION

     Light pollution is an excessive, wasteful and obstructive light resulting from human activities. It is mostly seen in densely-populated cities and industrialized areas. The pollution includes the light used in factories and office buildings, commercial properties, streetlights, illuminated sporting venues and infrastructure. As beneficial as the invention of light and the development of industrialization have been to mankind, their secondary effect, light pollution, is adverse in multiple ways. 

     The two main types of light pollution recognized by environmentalists are light that intrudes on a natural setting and the use of disproportionate amount of light indoors. Light pollution may also be defined according to very specific categories into light trespass, glare and clutter. Light trespass happens when unwanted light enters someone’s property. For example, a neighbor turns on a bright light in his yard and this light enters a neighboring bedroom window, causing sleep deprivation or obstructing an evening view. Glare is the extreme contrast between light and dark areas such that the human eye has difficult in adjusting. Glare is not merely annoying, but bright lights on dark roads can obscure night vision for motorists temporarily, with accidents sometimes being the result. Clutter is the presence of numerous groups of lights. It may produce confusion and distract viewers. Badly designed street lights and neon advertising signs come under this category. 

     Even a small amount of light pollution can have a negative influence on its surrounding. For the novice astronomer, a little light can make it difficult to observe the night sky; this is the reason observatories are located in areas where light emissions are forbidden. For the human body, excessive light is detrimental. Ailments such as headaches, fatigue, stress, high blood pressure and anxiety are common to those who are constantly exposed to light. The effects of light pollution on animals are just devastating. Birds that migrate to the south for the winter are disoriented by lights on tall buildings, and they are sometimes attracted to these lights: millions die when they collide with these buildings. Zooplankton is unable to rise to the surface of a water body to eat algae because of bright light; the algae blooms overgrow, killing off other plants and destroying the water quality. The circadian rhythm of reptiles, insects and other animals is affected when light keeps them awake.

          Although the United States government is aware of the problem, it has been a challenge to draw up and enforce lighting regulations for the entire country. Some cities have formulated their own standards and solutions regarding outdoor lighting, but on the whole, the same standards cannot be administered in every city. Some solutions include minimizing the use of light, using timers to turn off lights automatically, utilizing the most pertinent types of light, redesigning plans and using sodium light which emits a single wavelength of light that is easier to filter

Which sentence below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? 

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 30 to 34 

FAMILY AND MONEY

     The modern world is changing family relationships. The cost of living has had an influence on how the American family behaves. It may not be the best thing. 

     Several decades ago, the father went to work. His paycheck paid the bills. The mother stayed home.  She might have volunteered at a local church or a community program. Children went to school.  Sometimes they had a small job on weekends when they were teenagers. 

     In many parts of the United States, things are different. The cost of living is on the rise. The greatest increases in the cost of living are seen in property prices and in health care. Basically, one salary is not enough to buy or rent a house and pay the bills. As a result, both parents must work. This helps the family keep a roof over their heads, and they can go to the doctor when they need to. 

     When both parents work, it changes the amount of time that the child spends with them. Many parents put their children in day care. This has the benefit of ensuring the children’s care. But it also reduces the amount of time that parents spend with their children in their early years. What is more, day care is an extra expense. Both parents must work more. 

     During the school years, it is often the case that children come home before their parents do. They are called latchkey kids because they let themselves in the door. Mother is not waiting at home to open the door for the child. This time alone puts him at risk to things like drugs or crime. The child may get in trouble more often because he is not supervised. 

          Rising expenses are changing how families live. While working hard for better lives, they open themselves up to different risks

According to paragraph 3, which of the following is NOT true? 

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 30 to 34 

FAMILY AND MONEY

     The modern world is changing family relationships. The cost of living has had an influence on how the American family behaves. It may not be the best thing. 

     Several decades ago, the father went to work. His paycheck paid the bills. The mother stayed home.  She might have volunteered at a local church or a community program. Children went to school.  Sometimes they had a small job on weekends when they were teenagers. 

     In many parts of the United States, things are different. The cost of living is on the rise. The greatest increases in the cost of living are seen in property prices and in health care. Basically, one salary is not enough to buy or rent a house and pay the bills. As a result, both parents must work. This helps the family keep a roof over their heads, and they can go to the doctor when they need to. 

     When both parents work, it changes the amount of time that the child spends with them. Many parents put their children in day care. This has the benefit of ensuring the children’s care. But it also reduces the amount of time that parents spend with their children in their early years. What is more, day care is an extra expense. Both parents must work more. 

     During the school years, it is often the case that children come home before their parents do. They are called latchkey kids because they let themselves in the door. Mother is not waiting at home to open the door for the child. This time alone puts him at risk to things like drugs or crime. The child may get in trouble more often because he is not supervised. 

          Rising expenses are changing how families live. While working hard for better lives, they open themselves up to different risks

The word “that” in the passage refers to ______ 

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 30 to 34 

FAMILY AND MONEY

     The modern world is changing family relationships. The cost of living has had an influence on how the American family behaves. It may not be the best thing. 

     Several decades ago, the father went to work. His paycheck paid the bills. The mother stayed home.  She might have volunteered at a local church or a community program. Children went to school.  Sometimes they had a small job on weekends when they were teenagers. 

     In many parts of the United States, things are different. The cost of living is on the rise. The greatest increases in the cost of living are seen in property prices and in health care. Basically, one salary is not enough to buy or rent a house and pay the bills. As a result, both parents must work. This helps the family keep a roof over their heads, and they can go to the doctor when they need to. 

     When both parents work, it changes the amount of time that the child spends with them. Many parents put their children in day care. This has the benefit of ensuring the children’s care. But it also reduces the amount of time that parents spend with their children in their early years. What is more, day care is an extra expense. Both parents must work more. 

     During the school years, it is often the case that children come home before their parents do. They are called latchkey kids because they let themselves in the door. Mother is not waiting at home to open the door for the child. This time alone puts him at risk to things like drugs or crime. The child may get in trouble more often because he is not supervised. 

          Rising expenses are changing how families live. While working hard for better lives, they open themselves up to different risks

The author mentions latchkey kids in order to 

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 30 to 34 

FAMILY AND MONEY

     The modern world is changing family relationships. The cost of living has had an influence on how the American family behaves. It may not be the best thing. 

     Several decades ago, the father went to work. His paycheck paid the bills. The mother stayed home.  She might have volunteered at a local church or a community program. Children went to school.  Sometimes they had a small job on weekends when they were teenagers. 

     In many parts of the United States, things are different. The cost of living is on the rise. The greatest increases in the cost of living are seen in property prices and in health care. Basically, one salary is not enough to buy or rent a house and pay the bills. As a result, both parents must work. This helps the family keep a roof over their heads, and they can go to the doctor when they need to. 

     When both parents work, it changes the amount of time that the child spends with them. Many parents put their children in day care. This has the benefit of ensuring the children’s care. But it also reduces the amount of time that parents spend with their children in their early years. What is more, day care is an extra expense. Both parents must work more. 

     During the school years, it is often the case that children come home before their parents do. They are called latchkey kids because they let themselves in the door. Mother is not waiting at home to open the door for the child. This time alone puts him at risk to things like drugs or crime. The child may get in trouble more often because he is not supervised. 

          Rising expenses are changing how families live. While working hard for better lives, they open themselves up to different risks

The word “ensuring” in the passage is closest in meaning to 

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 30 to 34 

FAMILY AND MONEY

     The modern world is changing family relationships. The cost of living has had an influence on how the American family behaves. It may not be the best thing. 

     Several decades ago, the father went to work. His paycheck paid the bills. The mother stayed home.  She might have volunteered at a local church or a community program. Children went to school.  Sometimes they had a small job on weekends when they were teenagers. 

     In many parts of the United States, things are different. The cost of living is on the rise. The greatest increases in the cost of living are seen in property prices and in health care. Basically, one salary is not enough to buy or rent a house and pay the bills. As a result, both parents must work. This helps the family keep a roof over their heads, and they can go to the doctor when they need to. 

     When both parents work, it changes the amount of time that the child spends with them. Many parents put their children in day care. This has the benefit of ensuring the children’s care. But it also reduces the amount of time that parents spend with their children in their early years. What is more, day care is an extra expense. Both parents must work more. 

     During the school years, it is often the case that children come home before their parents do. They are called latchkey kids because they let themselves in the door. Mother is not waiting at home to open the door for the child. This time alone puts him at risk to things like drugs or crime. The child may get in trouble more often because he is not supervised. 

          Rising expenses are changing how families live. While working hard for better lives, they open themselves up to different risks

According to the passage, which of the following is true of the cost of living 30 years ago?

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to choose the word or phrase that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 25 to 29 

Almost 90 percent of American students below the college level attend public elementary and secondary schools, which do not charge tuition but rely on local and state taxes for funding. Traditionally, elementary school includes kindergarten through the eighth grade. In some places (25) ________, elementary school ends after the sixth grade, and students attend middle school, or junior high school, from grades seven through nine. Similarly, secondary school, or high school, traditionally comprises grades nine through twelve, but in some places begins (26) ________ the tenth grade. 

Most of the students who do not attend public elementary and secondary schools attend private schools, for which their families pay (27) ________. Four out of five private schools are run by religious groups. In these schools, religious instruction is part of the curriculum, (28) _________ also includes the traditional academic courses. There is also a small but growing number of parents who educate their children themselves, a practice known as home schooling. 

The United States does not have a national school system. Nor, with the exception of the military academies, are there schools run by the federal government. But the government (29) _______ guidance and funding for federal educational programs in which both public and private schools take part, and the U.S. Department of Education oversees these programs

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to choose the word or phrase that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 25 to 29 

Almost 90 percent of American students below the college level attend public elementary and secondary schools, which do not charge tuition but rely on local and state taxes for funding. Traditionally, elementary school includes kindergarten through the eighth grade. In some places (25) ________, elementary school ends after the sixth grade, and students attend middle school, or junior high school, from grades seven through nine. Similarly, secondary school, or high school, traditionally comprises grades nine through twelve, but in some places begins (26) ________ the tenth grade. 

Most of the students who do not attend public elementary and secondary schools attend private schools, for which their families pay (27) ________. Four out of five private schools are run by religious groups. In these schools, religious instruction is part of the curriculum, (28) _________ also includes the traditional academic courses. There is also a small but growing number of parents who educate their children themselves, a practice known as home schooling. 

The United States does not have a national school system. Nor, with the exception of the military academies, are there schools run by the federal government. But the government (29) _______ guidance and funding for federal educational programs in which both public and private schools take part, and the U.S. Department of Education oversees these programs

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to choose the word or phrase that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 25 to 29 

Almost 90 percent of American students below the college level attend public elementary and secondary schools, which do not charge tuition but rely on local and state taxes for funding. Traditionally, elementary school includes kindergarten through the eighth grade. In some places (25) ________, elementary school ends after the sixth grade, and students attend middle school, or junior high school, from grades seven through nine. Similarly, secondary school, or high school, traditionally comprises grades nine through twelve, but in some places begins (26) ________ the tenth grade. 

Most of the students who do not attend public elementary and secondary schools attend private schools, for which their families pay (27) ________. Four out of five private schools are run by religious groups. In these schools, religious instruction is part of the curriculum, (28) _________ also includes the traditional academic courses. There is also a small but growing number of parents who educate their children themselves, a practice known as home schooling. 

The United States does not have a national school system. Nor, with the exception of the military academies, are there schools run by the federal government. But the government (29) _______ guidance and funding for federal educational programs in which both public and private schools take part, and the U.S. Department of Education oversees these programs

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to choose the word or phrase that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 25 to 29 

Almost 90 percent of American students below the college level attend public elementary and secondary schools, which do not charge tuition but rely on local and state taxes for funding. Traditionally, elementary school includes kindergarten through the eighth grade. In some places (25) ________, elementary school ends after the sixth grade, and students attend middle school, or junior high school, from grades seven through nine. Similarly, secondary school, or high school, traditionally comprises grades nine through twelve, but in some places begins (26) ________ the tenth grade. 

Most of the students who do not attend public elementary and secondary schools attend private schools, for which their families pay (27) ________. Four out of five private schools are run by religious groups. In these schools, religious instruction is part of the curriculum, (28) _________ also includes the traditional academic courses. There is also a small but growing number of parents who educate their children themselves, a practice known as home schooling. 

The United States does not have a national school system. Nor, with the exception of the military academies, are there schools run by the federal government. But the government (29) _______ guidance and funding for federal educational programs in which both public and private schools take part, and the U.S. Department of Education oversees these programs

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to choose the word or phrase that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 25 to 29 

Almost 90 percent of American students below the college level attend public elementary and secondary schools, which do not charge tuition but rely on local and state taxes for funding. Traditionally, elementary school includes kindergarten through the eighth grade. In some places (25) ________, elementary school ends after the sixth grade, and students attend middle school, or junior high school, from grades seven through nine. Similarly, secondary school, or high school, traditionally comprises grades nine through twelve, but in some places begins (26) ________ the tenth grade. 

Most of the students who do not attend public elementary and secondary schools attend private schools, for which their families pay (27) ________. Four out of five private schools are run by religious groups. In these schools, religious instruction is part of the curriculum, (28) _________ also includes the traditional academic courses. There is also a small but growing number of parents who educate their children themselves, a practice known as home schooling. 

The United States does not have a national school system. Nor, with the exception of the military academies, are there schools run by the federal government. But the government (29) _______ guidance and funding for federal educational programs in which both public and private schools take part, and the U.S. Department of Education oversees these programs

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the most suitable response to complete each of the following exchanges

Two friends, Peter and Linda, are talking about pets. 

Peter: “Well, cats are very good at catching mice around the house” 

Linda: “___________________” 

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the most suitable response to complete each of the following exchanges

Nani: "We'll have to hurry if we want to finish this project on time." Mike:"__________".

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word(s) OPPOSITE in meaning to the underlined word(s) in each of the following questions

If any employee knowingly breaks the terms of this contract, he will be dismissed immediately

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word(s) OPPOSITE in meaning to the underlined word(s) in each of the following questions

The couple tried to converse in the busy restaurant, but they couldn't hear themselves speak so they went elsewhere

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word(s) CLOSEST in meaning to the underlined bold word(s) in each of the following questions

You should cut down on cigarettes, for smoking does no good to your health

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word(s) CLOSEST in meaning to the underlined bold word(s) in each of the following questions

The dim lights made it hard to see, so Ben squinted to make out the stranger's face in the distance

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions

Do you think Curtis __________ the car race tomorrow? 

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions

Using many symbols makes _________ to put a large amount of information on a single map

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions

My dad wants me to go to university, but I am in __________ minds about it

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions

One problem is that we don’t have ________ officers on the streets.

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions

Research shows some ________differences in the psychological attitude and behavior of lucky and unlucky people

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions

You can’t make a snowman ________ there’s some snow! 

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions

Mr. Pitt did a/an _____ job on his presentation about recycling, inspiring those present to start recycling programs

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions

Deep-sea divers wear wetsuits to protect ________ under water. 

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions

Lunar eclipses occur each time the Earth blocks the Sun’s light from the Moon ________ the Moon’s full phase

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions

_________ in 1635, the Boston Latin School is the oldest public school in the United States

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions

Susie and Fran __________ in on us last night, so I had to defrost a pizza.

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions

Let me _______ you a nice bath and you’ll feel a lot better

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions

Could you please tell me ______? 

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions

Some people think that we should preserve ________ traditions of countries

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word that differs from the other three in the position of the primary stress in each of the following questions

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word that differs from the other three in the position of the primary stress in each of the following questions

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word whose underlined part differs from the other three in pronunciation in each of the following questions

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word whose underlined part differs from the other three in pronunciation in each of the following questions

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the sentence that best combines each pair of sentences in the following questions

I will leave a message for you with my secretary. It is possible that I will be out when you telephone

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the sentence that best combines each pair of sentences in the following questions

I ate the soup. After that, I remembered that I had forgotten to give my little sister some of it

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the sentence that is closest in meaning to each of the following questions

She is currently writing a historical book about food, which will include old recipes and the history behind them

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the sentence that is closest in meaning to each of the following questions

It does not seem very probable that Eric will be able to find a new apartment before he has to leave his old one

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the sentence that is closest in meaning to each of the following questions

Residents of the area like to go to the park to enjoy a tea break after taking a walk along the shore

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the underlined part that needs correction in each of the following questions

When we arrived at the shop to buy the dishes advertise in the newspaper, we learned that all of them had been sold

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the underlined part that needs correction in each of the following questions

Despite the roadblock, the police allowed us to enter the restriction area to search for our friends

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the underlined part that needs correction in each of the following questions

It was suggested that Tom study the material thoroughly before attempting passing the exam

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 35 to 42 

      Scientists have discovered that for the last 160,000 years, at least, there has been a consistent relationship between the amount of carbon dioxide in the air and the average temperature of the planet. The importance of carbon dioxide in regulating the Earth's temperature was confirmed by scientists working in eastern Antarctica. Drilling down into a glacier, they extracted a mile-long cylinder of ice from the hole. The glacier had formed as layer upon layer of snow accumulated year after year. Thus, drilling into the ice was tantamount to drilling back through time.  

     The deepest sections of the core are composed of water that fell as snow 160,000 years ago. Scientists in Grenoble, France, fractured portions of the core and measured the composition of ancient air released from bubbles in the ice. Instruments were used to measure the ratio of certain isotopes in the frozen water to get an idea of the prevailing atmospheric temperature at the time when that particular bit of water became locked in the glacier.  

     The result is a remarkable unbroken record of temperature and of atmospheric levels of carbon dioxide. Almost every time the chill of an ice age descended on the planet, carbon dioxide levels dropped. When the global temperature dropped 9°F (5°C), carbon dioxide levels dropped to 190 parts per million or so. Generally, as each ice age ended and the Earth basked in a warm interglacial period, carbon dioxide levels were around 280 parts per million. Through the 160,000 years of that ice record, the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere fluctuated between 190 and 280 parts per million, but never rose much higher until the Industrial Revolution beginning in the eighteenth century and continuing today.  

          There is indirect evidence that the link between carbon dioxide levels and global temperature change goes back much further than the glacial record. Carbon dioxide levels may have been much greater than the current concentration during the Carboniferous period, 360 to 285 million years ago. The period was named for a profusion of plant life whose buried remains produced a large fraction of the coal deposits that are being brought to the surface and burned today

The passage explains the origin of which of the following terms? 

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 35 to 42 

      Scientists have discovered that for the last 160,000 years, at least, there has been a consistent relationship between the amount of carbon dioxide in the air and the average temperature of the planet. The importance of carbon dioxide in regulating the Earth's temperature was confirmed by scientists working in eastern Antarctica. Drilling down into a glacier, they extracted a mile-long cylinder of ice from the hole. The glacier had formed as layer upon layer of snow accumulated year after year. Thus, drilling into the ice was tantamount to drilling back through time.  

     The deepest sections of the core are composed of water that fell as snow 160,000 years ago. Scientists in Grenoble, France, fractured portions of the core and measured the composition of ancient air released from bubbles in the ice. Instruments were used to measure the ratio of certain isotopes in the frozen water to get an idea of the prevailing atmospheric temperature at the time when that particular bit of water became locked in the glacier.  

     The result is a remarkable unbroken record of temperature and of atmospheric levels of carbon dioxide. Almost every time the chill of an ice age descended on the planet, carbon dioxide levels dropped. When the global temperature dropped 9°F (5°C), carbon dioxide levels dropped to 190 parts per million or so. Generally, as each ice age ended and the Earth basked in a warm interglacial period, carbon dioxide levels were around 280 parts per million. Through the 160,000 years of that ice record, the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere fluctuated between 190 and 280 parts per million, but never rose much higher until the Industrial Revolution beginning in the eighteenth century and continuing today.  

          There is indirect evidence that the link between carbon dioxide levels and global temperature change goes back much further than the glacial record. Carbon dioxide levels may have been much greater than the current concentration during the Carboniferous period, 360 to 285 million years ago. The period was named for a profusion of plant life whose buried remains produced a large fraction of the coal deposits that are being brought to the surface and burned today

According to the passage, the Carboniferous period was characterized by________

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 35 to 42 

      Scientists have discovered that for the last 160,000 years, at least, there has been a consistent relationship between the amount of carbon dioxide in the air and the average temperature of the planet. The importance of carbon dioxide in regulating the Earth's temperature was confirmed by scientists working in eastern Antarctica. Drilling down into a glacier, they extracted a mile-long cylinder of ice from the hole. The glacier had formed as layer upon layer of snow accumulated year after year. Thus, drilling into the ice was tantamount to drilling back through time.  

     The deepest sections of the core are composed of water that fell as snow 160,000 years ago. Scientists in Grenoble, France, fractured portions of the core and measured the composition of ancient air released from bubbles in the ice. Instruments were used to measure the ratio of certain isotopes in the frozen water to get an idea of the prevailing atmospheric temperature at the time when that particular bit of water became locked in the glacier.  

     The result is a remarkable unbroken record of temperature and of atmospheric levels of carbon dioxide. Almost every time the chill of an ice age descended on the planet, carbon dioxide levels dropped. When the global temperature dropped 9°F (5°C), carbon dioxide levels dropped to 190 parts per million or so. Generally, as each ice age ended and the Earth basked in a warm interglacial period, carbon dioxide levels were around 280 parts per million. Through the 160,000 years of that ice record, the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere fluctuated between 190 and 280 parts per million, but never rose much higher until the Industrial Revolution beginning in the eighteenth century and continuing today.  

          There is indirect evidence that the link between carbon dioxide levels and global temperature change goes back much further than the glacial record. Carbon dioxide levels may have been much greater than the current concentration during the Carboniferous period, 360 to 285 million years ago. The period was named for a profusion of plant life whose buried remains produced a large fraction of the coal deposits that are being brought to the surface and burned today

The passage implies that the warmest temperatures among the periods mentioned occurred _______.  

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 35 to 42 

      Scientists have discovered that for the last 160,000 years, at least, there has been a consistent relationship between the amount of carbon dioxide in the air and the average temperature of the planet. The importance of carbon dioxide in regulating the Earth's temperature was confirmed by scientists working in eastern Antarctica. Drilling down into a glacier, they extracted a mile-long cylinder of ice from the hole. The glacier had formed as layer upon layer of snow accumulated year after year. Thus, drilling into the ice was tantamount to drilling back through time.  

     The deepest sections of the core are composed of water that fell as snow 160,000 years ago. Scientists in Grenoble, France, fractured portions of the core and measured the composition of ancient air released from bubbles in the ice. Instruments were used to measure the ratio of certain isotopes in the frozen water to get an idea of the prevailing atmospheric temperature at the time when that particular bit of water became locked in the glacier.  

     The result is a remarkable unbroken record of temperature and of atmospheric levels of carbon dioxide. Almost every time the chill of an ice age descended on the planet, carbon dioxide levels dropped. When the global temperature dropped 9°F (5°C), carbon dioxide levels dropped to 190 parts per million or so. Generally, as each ice age ended and the Earth basked in a warm interglacial period, carbon dioxide levels were around 280 parts per million. Through the 160,000 years of that ice record, the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere fluctuated between 190 and 280 parts per million, but never rose much higher until the Industrial Revolution beginning in the eighteenth century and continuing today.  

          There is indirect evidence that the link between carbon dioxide levels and global temperature change goes back much further than the glacial record. Carbon dioxide levels may have been much greater than the current concentration during the Carboniferous period, 360 to 285 million years ago. The period was named for a profusion of plant life whose buried remains produced a large fraction of the coal deposits that are being brought to the surface and burned today

The word "remarkable" in line 12 is closest in meaning to _________.  

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 35 to 42 

      Scientists have discovered that for the last 160,000 years, at least, there has been a consistent relationship between the amount of carbon dioxide in the air and the average temperature of the planet. The importance of carbon dioxide in regulating the Earth's temperature was confirmed by scientists working in eastern Antarctica. Drilling down into a glacier, they extracted a mile-long cylinder of ice from the hole. The glacier had formed as layer upon layer of snow accumulated year after year. Thus, drilling into the ice was tantamount to drilling back through time.  

     The deepest sections of the core are composed of water that fell as snow 160,000 years ago. Scientists in Grenoble, France, fractured portions of the core and measured the composition of ancient air released from bubbles in the ice. Instruments were used to measure the ratio of certain isotopes in the frozen water to get an idea of the prevailing atmospheric temperature at the time when that particular bit of water became locked in the glacier.  

     The result is a remarkable unbroken record of temperature and of atmospheric levels of carbon dioxide. Almost every time the chill of an ice age descended on the planet, carbon dioxide levels dropped. When the global temperature dropped 9°F (5°C), carbon dioxide levels dropped to 190 parts per million or so. Generally, as each ice age ended and the Earth basked in a warm interglacial period, carbon dioxide levels were around 280 parts per million. Through the 160,000 years of that ice record, the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere fluctuated between 190 and 280 parts per million, but never rose much higher until the Industrial Revolution beginning in the eighteenth century and continuing today.  

          There is indirect evidence that the link between carbon dioxide levels and global temperature change goes back much further than the glacial record. Carbon dioxide levels may have been much greater than the current concentration during the Carboniferous period, 360 to 285 million years ago. The period was named for a profusion of plant life whose buried remains produced a large fraction of the coal deposits that are being brought to the surface and burned today

According to the passage, scientists used isotopes from the water of the ice core to determine which of following?