Mark the letter A, B, C, D on your answer sheet to indicate the word whose underlined part differs from the other three in each of the following question.

Mark the letter A, B, C, D on your answer sheet to indicate the word whose underlined part differs from the other three in each of the following question.

Mark the letter A, B, C, D on your answer sheet to indicate the word that differs from the other three in the position of primary stress in each of the following question.

Mark the letter A, B, C, D on your answer sheet to indicate the word that differs from the other three in the position of primary stress in each of the following question.

Mark the letter A, B, C, D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions.

Would you kindly inform me who is responsible __________.the travel arrangements?

Mark the letter A, B, C, D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions.

I ________ a bike to school every day but today I _______ to school by bus because it was stolen yesterday.

Mark the letter A, B, C, D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions.

According to the conditions of my scholarship, after finishing my degree, ________.

Mark the letter A, B, C, D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions.

If you ___________ Mary by chance, please give her my phone number.

Mark the letter A, B, C, D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions.

His poor standard of play fully justifies his __________ from the team for the next match.

Mark the letter A, B, C, D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions.

They had a global _________ hit with their album concept about “The dark side of the Moon".

Mark the letter A, B, C, D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions.

None of the people ________ could come.

Mark the letter A, B, C, D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions.

John has been working as a journalist since he _________ from university in 2000.

Mark the letter A, B, C, D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions.

Faraday made many ________ in the field of physics and chemistry.

Mark the letter A, B, C, D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions.

He left on ___________ 10 o'clock train yesterday to see his father who was taken to _______ hospital last week when he broke his right leg.

Mark the letter A, B, C, D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions.

If my time-management skills had been better, I _______ from serious stress when I was in university.

Mark the letter A, B, C, D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions.

"Jenny's always wanted to get to the top of her career, _______?”- “Yes, she's an ambitious girl”.

Mark the letter A, B, C, D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions.

My neighbor offered ________ us to the airport.

Mark the letter A, B, C, D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions.

People are advised to ________ smoking because of its harm to their health.

Mark the letter A, B, C, D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions.

It won't be safe to use these stairs ________

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word(s) CLOSEST in meaning to the underlined word(s) in each of the following questions.

Chauvet Jeans was a well-known nineteen century painter whose paintings are extraordinarily sophisticated.

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word(s) CLOSEST in meaning to the underlined word(s) in each of the following questions.

Whenever problems come up, we discuss them frankly and find solutions quickly.

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word(s) OPPOSITE in meaning to the underlined word(s) in each of the following questions.

Passing this important English test was such a boost to my confidence.

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word(s) OPPOSITE in meaning to the underlined word(s) in each of the following questions.

It is believed that in ten years' time AIDS will also be brought under control.

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best complete each of the following exchanges.

A: What a wonderful party!

B: ----------------

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best complete each of the following exchanges.

"Hello, I'd like to speak to Mr. Green, please." "____________”

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the underlined part that needs correction in each of the following questions.

Because of (A) severe asthma attacks, (B) the doctor suggested (C) his patient to stop (D) smoking.

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the underlined part that needs correction in each of the following questions.

Last month, while my friend was traveling (A) round England by the (B) car, he crashed (C) the car into a (D) tree.

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the underlined part that needs correction in each of the following questions.

Urban development (A) ean magnify the risk of (B) environmental hazards for example (C) flash flooding (D)

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the sentence that is closest in meaning to each of the following questions.

We might stop here if you don't change your way of speaking.

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the sentence that is closest in meaning to each of the following questions.

At no time Jane asks me when she uses my bathroom.

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the sentence that is closest in meaning to each of the following questions.

There was a 5% drop in the student enrollment of the university.

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the sentence that best combines each pair of sentences in the following questions.

Something hit the door. I heard a slam.

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the sentence that best combines each pair of sentences in the following questions.

Disabled people can contribute to our community. Non-disabled people can also contribute to our community.

Reading the following passage and mark the letter on your answer sheet to indicate the correct word that best fits each of the numbered blank from 34 to 38 

      Le Bijou, a high-end Swiss hospitality company, has recently launched a new package for guests in _______ (34) to the coronavirus outbreak and the country's lockdown. Guests looking to practice social _______ (35), which basically means staying far enough away from others to prevent person to-person transmission of the coronavirus or any other virus for that _______ (36), can do so in Le Bijou’s hotel-like apartments, which rely on modern technology for most of its operations. "You don't need to interact with anyone you don't want to," says Alexander Hübner, CEO and co-founder of Le Bijou. Additionally, Le Bijou also ______ (37) on-site coronavirus testing to those who can afford _________ (38) it still remains unclear how many tests they have or how long Le Bijou could run the Covid-19 package.

Reading the following passage and mark the letter on your answer sheet to indicate the correct word that best fits each of the numbered blank from 34 to 38 

      Le Bijou, a high-end Swiss hospitality company, has recently launched a new package for guests in _______ (34) to the coronavirus outbreak and the country's lockdown. Guests looking to practice social _______ (35), which basically means staying far enough away from others to prevent person to-person transmission of the coronavirus or any other virus for that _______ (36), can do so in Le Bijou’s hotel-like apartments, which rely on modern technology for most of its operations. "You don't need to interact with anyone you don't want to," says Alexander Hübner, CEO and co-founder of Le Bijou. Additionally, Le Bijou also ______ (37) on-site coronavirus testing to those who can afford _________ (38) it still remains unclear how many tests they have or how long Le Bijou could run the Covid-19 package.

Reading the following passage and mark the letter on your answer sheet to indicate the correct word that best fits each of the numbered blank from 34 to 38 

      Le Bijou, a high-end Swiss hospitality company, has recently launched a new package for guests in _______ (34) to the coronavirus outbreak and the country's lockdown. Guests looking to practice social _______ (35), which basically means staying far enough away from others to prevent person to-person transmission of the coronavirus or any other virus for that _______ (36), can do so in Le Bijou’s hotel-like apartments, which rely on modern technology for most of its operations. "You don't need to interact with anyone you don't want to," says Alexander Hübner, CEO and co-founder of Le Bijou. Additionally, Le Bijou also ______ (37) on-site coronavirus testing to those who can afford _________ (38) it still remains unclear how many tests they have or how long Le Bijou could run the Covid-19 package.

Reading the following passage and mark the letter on your answer sheet to indicate the correct word that best fits each of the numbered blank from 34 to 38 

      Le Bijou, a high-end Swiss hospitality company, has recently launched a new package for guests in _______ (34) to the coronavirus outbreak and the country's lockdown. Guests looking to practice social _______ (35), which basically means staying far enough away from others to prevent person to-person transmission of the coronavirus or any other virus for that _______ (36), can do so in Le Bijou’s hotel-like apartments, which rely on modern technology for most of its operations. "You don't need to interact with anyone you don't want to," says Alexander Hübner, CEO and co-founder of Le Bijou. Additionally, Le Bijou also ______ (37) on-site coronavirus testing to those who can afford _________ (38) it still remains unclear how many tests they have or how long Le Bijou could run the Covid-19 package.

Reading the following passage and mark the letter on your answer sheet to indicate the correct word that best fits each of the numbered blank from 34 to 38 

      Le Bijou, a high-end Swiss hospitality company, has recently launched a new package for guests in _______ (34) to the coronavirus outbreak and the country's lockdown. Guests looking to practice social _______ (35), which basically means staying far enough away from others to prevent person to-person transmission of the coronavirus or any other virus for that _______ (36), can do so in Le Bijou’s hotel-like apartments, which rely on modern technology for most of its operations. "You don't need to interact with anyone you don't want to," says Alexander Hübner, CEO and co-founder of Le Bijou. Additionally, Le Bijou also ______ (37) on-site coronavirus testing to those who can afford _________ (38) it still remains unclear how many tests they have or how long Le Bijou could run the Covid-19 package.

Read the following text and circle the best answer among A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet for the questions from 39 to 43 

      As the pace of life continues to increase, we are fast losing the art of relaxation. Once you are in the habit of rushing through life, being on the go from morning to night, it is hard to slow down. But relaxation is essential for a healthy mind and body. 

      Stress is a natural part of every life and there is no way to avoid it. In fact, it is not the bad thing it is often supposed to be. A certain amount of stress is vital to provide motivation and give purpose to life. It is only when the stress gets out of control that it can lead to poor performance and ill health. 

      The amount of stress a person can withstand depends very much on the individual. Some people are not afraid of stress, and such characters are obviously prime material for managerial responsibilities. Others lose heart at the first signs of unusual difficulties. When exposed to stress in whatever form, we react both chemically and physically. In fact we make choice between "fight" or "flight", and in more primitive days the choice made the difference between life or death. The crises we meet today are not likely to be so extreme, but however little the stress, it involves the same response. It is when such a reaction lasts long, through continued exposure to stress that health becomes endangered. Such serious conditions as high blood pressure and heart disease have established links with stress. Since we cannot remove stress from our lives (and it would be unwise to do so even if we could), we need to find ways to deal with it.

People are finding less and less time for relaxing themselves because_

Read the following text and circle the best answer among A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet for the questions from 39 to 43 

      As the pace of life continues to increase, we are fast losing the art of relaxation. Once you are in the habit of rushing through life, being on the go from morning to night, it is hard to slow down. But relaxation is essential for a healthy mind and body. 

      Stress is a natural part of every life and there is no way to avoid it. In fact, it is not the bad thing it is often supposed to be. A certain amount of stress is vital to provide motivation and give purpose to life. It is only when the stress gets out of control that it can lead to poor performance and ill health. 

      The amount of stress a person can withstand depends very much on the individual. Some people are not afraid of stress, and such characters are obviously prime material for managerial responsibilities. Others lose heart at the first signs of unusual difficulties. When exposed to stress in whatever form, we react both chemically and physically. In fact we make choice between "fight" or "flight", and in more primitive days the choice made the difference between life or death. The crises we meet today are not likely to be so extreme, but however little the stress, it involves the same response. It is when such a reaction lasts long, through continued exposure to stress that health becomes endangered. Such serious conditions as high blood pressure and heart disease have established links with stress. Since we cannot remove stress from our lives (and it would be unwise to do so even if we could), we need to find ways to deal with it.

According to the writer, the most important character for a good manager is his ________.

Read the following text and circle the best answer among A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet for the questions from 39 to 43 

      As the pace of life continues to increase, we are fast losing the art of relaxation. Once you are in the habit of rushing through life, being on the go from morning to night, it is hard to slow down. But relaxation is essential for a healthy mind and body. 

      Stress is a natural part of every life and there is no way to avoid it. In fact, it is not the bad thing it is often supposed to be. A certain amount of stress is vital to provide motivation and give purpose to life. It is only when the stress gets out of control that it can lead to poor performance and ill health. 

      The amount of stress a person can withstand depends very much on the individual. Some people are not afraid of stress, and such characters are obviously prime material for managerial responsibilities. Others lose heart at the first signs of unusual difficulties. When exposed to stress in whatever form, we react both chemically and physically. In fact we make choice between "fight" or "flight", and in more primitive days the choice made the difference between life or death. The crises we meet today are not likely to be so extreme, but however little the stress, it involves the same response. It is when such a reaction lasts long, through continued exposure to stress that health becomes endangered. Such serious conditions as high blood pressure and heart disease have established links with stress. Since we cannot remove stress from our lives (and it would be unwise to do so even if we could), we need to find ways to deal with it.

Which of the following statements is true?

Read the following text and circle the best answer among A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet for the questions from 39 to 43 

      As the pace of life continues to increase, we are fast losing the art of relaxation. Once you are in the habit of rushing through life, being on the go from morning to night, it is hard to slow down. But relaxation is essential for a healthy mind and body. 

      Stress is a natural part of every life and there is no way to avoid it. In fact, it is not the bad thing it is often supposed to be. A certain amount of stress is vital to provide motivation and give purpose to life. It is only when the stress gets out of control that it can lead to poor performance and ill health. 

      The amount of stress a person can withstand depends very much on the individual. Some people are not afraid of stress, and such characters are obviously prime material for managerial responsibilities. Others lose heart at the first signs of unusual difficulties. When exposed to stress in whatever form, we react both chemically and physically. In fact we make choice between "fight" or "flight", and in more primitive days the choice made the difference between life or death. The crises we meet today are not likely to be so extreme, but however little the stress, it involves the same response. It is when such a reaction lasts long, through continued exposure to stress that health becomes endangered. Such serious conditions as high blood pressure and heart disease have established links with stress. Since we cannot remove stress from our lives (and it would be unwise to do so even if we could), we need to find ways to deal with it.

In paragraph 3. "such a reaction" refers back to _________

Read the following text and circle the best answer among A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet for the questions from 39 to 43 

      As the pace of life continues to increase, we are fast losing the art of relaxation. Once you are in the habit of rushing through life, being on the go from morning to night, it is hard to slow down. But relaxation is essential for a healthy mind and body. 

      Stress is a natural part of every life and there is no way to avoid it. In fact, it is not the bad thing it is often supposed to be. A certain amount of stress is vital to provide motivation and give purpose to life. It is only when the stress gets out of control that it can lead to poor performance and ill health. 

      The amount of stress a person can withstand depends very much on the individual. Some people are not afraid of stress, and such characters are obviously prime material for managerial responsibilities. Others lose heart at the first signs of unusual difficulties. When exposed to stress in whatever form, we react both chemically and physically. In fact we make choice between "fight" or "flight", and in more primitive days the choice made the difference between life or death. The crises we meet today are not likely to be so extreme, but however little the stress, it involves the same response. It is when such a reaction lasts long, through continued exposure to stress that health becomes endangered. Such serious conditions as high blood pressure and heart disease have established links with stress. Since we cannot remove stress from our lives (and it would be unwise to do so even if we could), we need to find ways to deal with it.

In the last sentence of the passage, "do so" refers to ________.

Read the following text and circle the best answer among A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet for the questions from 44 to 50 

      Buying a house is the single largest financial investment an individual makes. Yet, in India this act is fraught with risk and individuals depend on weak laws for justice. Occasionally, deviant promoters are called to account as was the case in the detention of Unitech's promoters. This incident shows up the fallout of an absence of proper regulation to cover contracts between buyers and real estate promoters. A real estate bill, which is presently pending in Rajya Sabha, seeks to fill this gap. It has been debated for over two years and should be passed by Parliament in the budget session. 

      India is in the midst of rapid urbanization and urban population is expected to more than double to about 900 million over the next three decades. Unfortunately, even the current population does not have adequate housing. A government estimate in 2012 put the shortage at nearly 19 million units. If this shortage is to be alleviated quickly, India's messy real estate sector needs reforms. 

      The real estate bill seeks to set standards for contracts between buyers and sellers. Transparency, a rare commodity in real estate, is enforced as promoters have to upload project details on the regulators' website. Importantly, standard definitions of terms mean that buyers will not feel cheated after taking possession of a house. In order to protect buyers who pay upfront, a part of the money collected for a real estate project is ring-fenced in a separate bank account. Also, given India on land titles, the real estate bill provides title insurance. This bill has been scrutinized by two parliamentary committees and its passage now brooks no delay. 

      This bill is an important step in cleaning up the real estate market, but the journey should not end with it. State government play a significant role in real estate and they are often the source of problems. Some estimates suggest that real estate developers have to seek approvals of as many as 40 central and state departments, which lead to delays and an escalation in the cost of houses. Sensibly, NDA government's project to provide universal urban housing forces states to institute reforms to access central funding. Without real estate reforms at the level of states, it will not be possible to meet the ambition of making housing accessible for all urban dwellers. 

The word alleviated in the second paragraph is OPPOSITE in meaning to __________.

Read the following text and circle the best answer among A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet for the questions from 44 to 50 

      Buying a house is the single largest financial investment an individual makes. Yet, in India this act is fraught with risk and individuals depend on weak laws for justice. Occasionally, deviant promoters are called to account as was the case in the detention of Unitech's promoters. This incident shows up the fallout of an absence of proper regulation to cover contracts between buyers and real estate promoters. A real estate bill, which is presently pending in Rajya Sabha, seeks to fill this gap. It has been debated for over two years and should be passed by Parliament in the budget session. 

      India is in the midst of rapid urbanization and urban population is expected to more than double to about 900 million over the next three decades. Unfortunately, even the current population does not have adequate housing. A government estimate in 2012 put the shortage at nearly 19 million units. If this shortage is to be alleviated quickly, India's messy real estate sector needs reforms. 

      The real estate bill seeks to set standards for contracts between buyers and sellers. Transparency, a rare commodity in real estate, is enforced as promoters have to upload project details on the regulators' website. Importantly, standard definitions of terms mean that buyers will not feel cheated after taking possession of a house. In order to protect buyers who pay upfront, a part of the money collected for a real estate project is ring-fenced in a separate bank account. Also, given India on land titles, the real estate bill provides title insurance. This bill has been scrutinized by two parliamentary committees and its passage now brooks no delay. 

      This bill is an important step in cleaning up the real estate market, but the journey should not end with it. State government play a significant role in real estate and they are often the source of problems. Some estimates suggest that real estate developers have to seek approvals of as many as 40 central and state departments, which lead to delays and an escalation in the cost of houses. Sensibly, NDA government's project to provide universal urban housing forces states to institute reforms to access central funding. Without real estate reforms at the level of states, it will not be possible to meet the ambition of making housing accessible for all urban dwellers.

It can be inferred from the passage that _______.

Read the following text and circle the best answer among A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet for the questions from 44 to 50 

      Buying a house is the single largest financial investment an individual makes. Yet, in India this act is fraught with risk and individuals depend on weak laws for justice. Occasionally, deviant promoters are called to account as was the case in the detention of Unitech's promoters. This incident shows up the fallout of an absence of proper regulation to cover contracts between buyers and real estate promoters. A real estate bill, which is presently pending in Rajya Sabha, seeks to fill this gap. It has been debated for over two years and should be passed by Parliament in the budget session. 

      India is in the midst of rapid urbanization and urban population is expected to more than double to about 900 million over the next three decades. Unfortunately, even the current population does not have adequate housing. A government estimate in 2012 put the shortage at nearly 19 million units. If this shortage is to be alleviated quickly, India's messy real estate sector needs reforms. 

      The real estate bill seeks to set standards for contracts between buyers and sellers. Transparency, a rare commodity in real estate, is enforced as promoters have to upload project details on the regulators' website. Importantly, standard definitions of terms mean that buyers will not feel cheated after taking possession of a house. In order to protect buyers who pay upfront, a part of the money collected for a real estate project is ring-fenced in a separate bank account. Also, given India on land titles, the real estate bill provides title insurance. This bill has been scrutinized by two parliamentary committees and its passage now brooks no delay. 

      This bill is an important step in cleaning up the real estate market, but the journey should not end with it. State government play a significant role in real estate and they are often the source of problems. Some estimates suggest that real estate developers have to seek approvals of as many as 40 central and state departments, which lead to delays and an escalation in the cost of houses. Sensibly, NDA government's project to provide universal urban housing forces states to institute reforms to access central funding. Without real estate reforms at the level of states, it will not be possible to meet the ambition of making housing accessible for all urban dwellers.

According to the passage, which of the following is the pending in Rajya Sabha?

Read the following text and circle the best answer among A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet for the questions from 44 to 50 

      Buying a house is the single largest financial investment an individual makes. Yet, in India this act is fraught with risk and individuals depend on weak laws for justice. Occasionally, deviant promoters are called to account as was the case in the detention of Unitech's promoters. This incident shows up the fallout of an absence of proper regulation to cover contracts between buyers and real estate promoters. A real estate bill, which is presently pending in Rajya Sabha, seeks to fill this gap. It has been debated for over two years and should be passed by Parliament in the budget session. 

      India is in the midst of rapid urbanization and urban population is expected to more than double to about 900 million over the next three decades. Unfortunately, even the current population does not have adequate housing. A government estimate in 2012 put the shortage at nearly 19 million units. If this shortage is to be alleviated quickly, India's messy real estate sector needs reforms. 

      The real estate bill seeks to set standards for contracts between buyers and sellers. Transparency, a rare commodity in real estate, is enforced as promoters have to upload project details on the regulators' website. Importantly, standard definitions of terms mean that buyers will not feel cheated after taking possession of a house. In order to protect buyers who pay upfront, a part of the money collected for a real estate project is ring-fenced in a separate bank account. Also, given India on land titles, the real estate bill provides title insurance. This bill has been scrutinized by two parliamentary committees and its passage now brooks no delay. 

      This bill is an important step in cleaning up the real estate market, but the journey should not end with it. State government play a significant role in real estate and they are often the source of problems. Some estimates suggest that real estate developers have to seek approvals of as many as 40 central and state departments, which lead to delays and an escalation in the cost of houses. Sensibly, NDA government's project to provide universal urban housing forces states to institute reforms to access central funding. Without real estate reforms at the level of states, it will not be possible to meet the ambition of making housing accessible for all urban dwellers.

Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?

Read the following text and circle the best answer among A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet for the questions from 44 to 50 

      Buying a house is the single largest financial investment an individual makes. Yet, in India this act is fraught with risk and individuals depend on weak laws for justice. Occasionally, deviant promoters are called to account as was the case in the detention of Unitech's promoters. This incident shows up the fallout of an absence of proper regulation to cover contracts between buyers and real estate promoters. A real estate bill, which is presently pending in Rajya Sabha, seeks to fill this gap. It has been debated for over two years and should be passed by Parliament in the budget session. 

      India is in the midst of rapid urbanization and urban population is expected to more than double to about 900 million over the next three decades. Unfortunately, even the current population does not have adequate housing. A government estimate in 2012 put the shortage at nearly 19 million units. If this shortage is to be alleviated quickly, India's messy real estate sector needs reforms. 

      The real estate bill seeks to set standards for contracts between buyers and sellers. Transparency, a rare commodity in real estate, is enforced as promoters have to upload project details on the regulators' website. Importantly, standard definitions of terms mean that buyers will not feel cheated after taking possession of a house. In order to protect buyers who pay upfront, a part of the money collected for a real estate project is ring-fenced in a separate bank account. Also, given India on land titles, the real estate bill provides title insurance. This bill has been scrutinized by two parliamentary committees and its passage now brooks no delay. 

      This bill is an important step in cleaning up the real estate market, but the journey should not end with it. State government play a significant role in real estate and they are often the source of problems. Some estimates suggest that real estate developers have to seek approvals of as many as 40 central and state departments, which lead to delays and an escalation in the cost of houses. Sensibly, NDA government's project to provide universal urban housing forces states to institute reforms to access central funding. Without real estate reforms at the level of states, it will not be possible to meet the ambition of making housing accessible for all urban dwellers.

It is impossible to meet the ambition of making housing accessible for urban dwellers ________.

Read the following text and circle the best answer among A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet for the questions from 44 to 50 

      Buying a house is the single largest financial investment an individual makes. Yet, in India this act is fraught with risk and individuals depend on weak laws for justice. Occasionally, deviant promoters are called to account as was the case in the detention of Unitech's promoters. This incident shows up the fallout of an absence of proper regulation to cover contracts between buyers and real estate promoters. A real estate bill, which is presently pending in Rajya Sabha, seeks to fill this gap. It has been debated for over two years and should be passed by Parliament in the budget session. 

      India is in the midst of rapid urbanization and urban population is expected to more than double to about 900 million over the next three decades. Unfortunately, even the current population does not have adequate housing. A government estimate in 2012 put the shortage at nearly 19 million units. If this shortage is to be alleviated quickly, India's messy real estate sector needs reforms. 

      The real estate bill seeks to set standards for contracts between buyers and sellers. Transparency, a rare commodity in real estate, is enforced as promoters have to upload project details on the regulators' website. Importantly, standard definitions of terms mean that buyers will not feel cheated after taking possession of a house. In order to protect buyers who pay upfront, a part of the money collected for a real estate project is ring-fenced in a separate bank account. Also, given India on land titles, the real estate bill provides title insurance. This bill has been scrutinized by two parliamentary committees and its passage now brooks no delay. 

      This bill is an important step in cleaning up the real estate market, but the journey should not end with it. State government play a significant role in real estate and they are often the source of problems. Some estimates suggest that real estate developers have to seek approvals of as many as 40 central and state departments, which lead to delays and an escalation in the cost of houses. Sensibly, NDA government's project to provide universal urban housing forces states to institute reforms to access central funding. Without real estate reforms at the level of states, it will not be possible to meet the ambition of making housing accessible for all urban dwellers.

The word escalation in the forth paragraph refers to __________.

Read the following text and circle the best answer among A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet for the questions from 44 to 50 

      Buying a house is the single largest financial investment an individual makes. Yet, in India this act is fraught with risk and individuals depend on weak laws for justice. Occasionally, deviant promoters are called to account as was the case in the detention of Unitech's promoters. This incident shows up the fallout of an absence of proper regulation to cover contracts between buyers and real estate promoters. A real estate bill, which is presently pending in Rajya Sabha, seeks to fill this gap. It has been debated for over two years and should be passed by Parliament in the budget session. 

      India is in the midst of rapid urbanization and urban population is expected to more than double to about 900 million over the next three decades. Unfortunately, even the current population does not have adequate housing. A government estimate in 2012 put the shortage at nearly 19 million units. If this shortage is to be alleviated quickly, India's messy real estate sector needs reforms. 

      The real estate bill seeks to set standards for contracts between buyers and sellers. Transparency, a rare commodity in real estate, is enforced as promoters have to upload project details on the regulators' website. Importantly, standard definitions of terms mean that buyers will not feel cheated after taking possession of a house. In order to protect buyers who pay upfront, a part of the money collected for a real estate project is ring-fenced in a separate bank account. Also, given India on land titles, the real estate bill provides title insurance. This bill has been scrutinized by two parliamentary committees and its passage now brooks no delay. 

      This bill is an important step in cleaning up the real estate market, but the journey should not end with it. State government play a significant role in real estate and they are often the source of problems. Some estimates suggest that real estate developers have to seek approvals of as many as 40 central and state departments, which lead to delays and an escalation in the cost of houses. Sensibly, NDA government's project to provide universal urban housing forces states to institute reforms to access central funding. Without real estate reforms at the level of states, it will not be possible to meet the ambition of making housing accessible for all urban dwellers.

According to the passage, what is the source of problem in real estate?