Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct word or phrase that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 26 to 30.

According to sociologists, there are several different ways in which a person may be recognized as the leader of a social group in the United States. In the family, traditional cultural patterns confer leadership on one or both of the parents. In other cases, such as friendship groups, one or more persons may gradually (26) ______ as leaders, although there is no formal process of selection. In larger groups, leaders are usually chosen formally through election or recruitment.

            (27) ______ of the common belief that leaders are people with unusual personal ability, decades of research have failed to produce consistent evidence that there is any category of “natural leaders”. It seems that there is no set of personal qualities that all leaders have (28) ______ common; rather, virtually any person may be recognized as a leader if the person has qualities that meet the needs of that particular group.

Furthermore, although it is commonly supposed that social groups have a single leader, research suggests that there are (29) ______ two different leadership roles that are held by different individuals. Instrumental leadership emphasizes the completion of tasks by a social group. Group members look to instrumental leaders to “get things done”. Expressive leadership, on the other hand, is leadership (30) emphasizes the collective well-being of a social group’s members.

Nearly all the discoveries that have been made through the ages can (1) ______ in books. The invention of the book is one of humankind’s (2) ______ achievements, the importance of which can not be evaluated. Books are very useful, providing us with both entertainment and information. The production of books began in Ancient Egypt, though not in the form that is accessible to us today. The books read by Romans, (3) ______ , have some similarities to the ones we read now. Until the middle of the 15^th century, in Europe, all books were written by hand. They (4) ______ often beautifully illustrated and always rare and expensive. With printing came the possibility of cheap, large publication and distribution of book making (5) ______ more widespread and reliable.

If women choose to pursue a career once they have children, they often miss out on a close relationship with children. Helen Jamieson is a mother of three who has given up work to look after her children (16)_____. She strongly believes that women are pressurized to do too much, (17)_____ themselves to the absolute limit. In her own case, after six years of paid employment, Helen finally decided to call it a day. She says she initially found it hard to be at home, though she never misses the job itself. She admits that if she had had a brilliant career to begin (18) _____, she might feel differently now. Financially, she is no worse off (19)_____ before, as the cost of childcare and commuting exceeded her actual income. (20) _____ the government starts to give other tax incentives to working parents, she says she will not return to the workplace until her children are grown up.

Water is necessary for life. People can live only a few days (11)_____ it. Yet nearly 25 million people die each year because of it. Both industrial nations and less-developed countries are worried about the (12)______ and quantity of water in the world.

Even though people, animals, agriculture, and industry use a lot of water, there is more than enough on the Earth. Water covers about three-fourths of the Earth's surface. However, 97.4 percent of it is salt water. Three-fourths of the Earth's fresh water is frozen in glaciers and in the great polar ice caps. Most of the water we use (13)_____ from rivers, lakes, and the atmosphere. Less than one percent of the Earth's water is usable, and we use it over and over again.

One of the (14)______ about water is distribution. Water is not always distributed where the large (15)______ centers are. Some regions get enough rain, but it is all in one or two short rainy seasons.

Some people believe that soon schools will no longer be necessary. They say that (6) ______ the Internet and other new technologies, (7)_______ no longer any need for school buildings, formal class, or teachers. Perhaps this will be true one day, but this is hard to (8) _________ a world without schools. In fact, we need to look at how we can use new technology to make schools better, not (9) _______them. We should invent a new kind of school that is (10)________to libraries, museums, science centers, laboratories, and even companies.