Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 1 to 7. 

     Birds that feed in flocks commonly retire together into roosts. The reasons for roosting communally are not always obvious, but there are some likely benefits. In winter especially, it is important for birds to keep warm at night and conserve precious food reserves. One way to do this is to find a sheltered roost. Solitary roosters shelter in dense vegetation or enter a cavity – horned larks dig holes in the ground and ptarmigan burrow into snow banks - but the effect of sheltering is magnified by several birds huddling together in the roosts, as wrens, swifts, brown creepers, bluebirds, and anis do. Body contact reduces the surface area exposed to the cold air, so the birds keep each other warm. Two kinglets huddling together were found to reduce their heat losses by a quarter, and three together saved a third of their heat. 

     The second possible benefit of communal roosts is that they act as “information centers”. During the day, parties of birds will have spread out to forage over a very large area. When they return in the evening some will have fed well, but others may have found little to eat. Some investigators have observed that when the birds set out again next morning, those birds that did not feed well on the previous day appear to follow those that did. The behavior of common and lesser kestrels may illustrate different feeding behaviors of similar birds with different roosting habits. The common kestrel hunts vertebrate animals in a small, familiar hunting ground, whereas the very similar lesser kestrel feeds on insects over a large area. The common kestrel roosts and hunts alone, but the lesser kestrel roosts and hunts in flocks, possibly so one bird can learn from others where to find insect swarms. 

     Finally, there is safety in numbers at communal roosts since there will always be a few birds awake at any given moment to give the alarm. But this increased protection is partially counteracted by the fact that mass roosts attract predators and are especially vulnerable if they are on the ground. Even those in trees can be attacked by birds of prey. The birds on the edge are at greatest risk since predators find it easier to catch small birds perching at the margins of the roost. 

Why are urban populations easy to get diseases from food, according to the last paragraph?

The following are the air pollution sources mentioned in paragraph 3, EXCEPT _______.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct word for each of the questions from 44 to 50. 

     Many people see large urban cities as a wonder of human imagination and creativity. They represent how far the human population has come in terms of community development. Despite its positive things, there are also negatives from urbanization on the physical health of humans living. 

     As it would be expected, developing countries tend to see more negative physical health effects than modern countries in regard to urbanization. One example of a developing country experiencing these problems is China. China is a country that in the past 30-40 years went from being an agrarian based society to a significant industrialized country. This industrialization has in effect caused the need for more centralized cities, centralized meaning having lots of jobs and living spaces within a close proximity. In most recent decades, since China's change to being more of an industrial based economy, the country has experienced record high numbers of people migrating within its borders. In effect, the number of cities with over 500,000 people has more than doubled. These migrations are typically of people from rural areas of China moving to the new urban areas. Due to this large influx in the urban population, there are many possibilities for health challenges among these people. 

     One very common and fairly obvious negative aspect of highly congested urban areas is air pollution. It could include particulate matter, most commonly attributed to industrial plants and refineries waste, or chemicals like CO2 or Methane. Due to a vast number of people in these urbanized cities, the air pollution is known to be very extreme. These conditions can lead to many different health problems such as: Asthma, cardiovascular problems or disease. When exposed to these conditions for a prolonged period of time, one can experience even more detrimental health effects like: the acceleration of aging, loss of lung capacity and health, being more susceptible to respiratory diseases, and a shortened life span. 

     Another way that urbanization affects the populations' health is people's change in diet. For instance, urban cities tend to have lots of accessible, quick, and easy to get food. This food is also more than likely not as high quality as well as contains a large amount of sodium and sugar. Because this food is so accessible, people tend to eat it more. This increase in consumption of low-quality food can then lead to diabetes, hypertension, heart disease, obesity, or many other health conditions. 

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct word for each of the questions from 39 to 43.

     Dogs originally came from wolves. Wolves look a lot like dogs, but they are bigger. They are also quite fierce. At some point, some wolves changed through evolution. Some of them were smaller and gentler. These nicer wolves were the first dogs. No one knows for sure when this happened or why. Some people say it happened naturally over 50,000 years ago. Others say people made it happen between 15,000 and 50,000 years ago. 

     However they came to be, people quickly saw that dogs were useful. Scientists who study humans say the first tame dogs appeared with humans about 13,000 years ago in the Middle East. Not long after, there were dogs in Asia, Africa, Europe and eventually, North America. These dogs were probably used mostly for hunting and traveling. They were also good companions. 

     Dogs were an important part of life in ancient Egypt. Egyptian dogs were used not only for hunting, but as guards and warriors as well. They believed the god that guarded hell was a dog. Ancient Egyptians also named their pet dogs. Some popular names meant Brave One, Reliable, North-wind, Blacky, and Useless. 

     Dogs were also good ancient Roman warriors. The Roman army used dogs all over Europe. Sometimes the dogs were attack dogs, but her times the dogs were messengers. 

     There are many different kinds of dogs today. How could they all come from wolves? There are many different explanations. Some scientists believe that dogs mixed with other animals from the Canidae family. This includes coyotes, foxes and jackals. Most scientists also believe that evolution and breeding influenced the variation. Later, people found breeds of dogs they liked and combined them to make all new breeds. In this way, people are still helping new breeds to appear today! 

"If I were you, I would rent another room" said my friend.

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the sentence that is closest in meaning to each of the following questions. 

He has been jobless and often has to ask his parents for money.

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word(s) CLOSEST in meaning to the underlined word(s) in each of the following questions. 

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheer to indicate the word that differs from the other three in the position of primary stress in each of the following questions.

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheer to indicate the word that differs from the other three in the position of primary stress in each of the following questions.

Mrs Brown and Mr Smith are talking about teaching soft skills at school.

Mrs Brown: "Some soft skills should be taught to children." 

Mr Smith: “_____________. They are necessary for them."

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the most suitable response to complete each of the following exchanges. 

She bought an old TV. She has regrets about it now.

Mark the letter A, B C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the sentence that best combines each pair of sentences in the following questions. 

Last night, she stays up so late to study for her exams.

My sister finally got his own favorite piano to practice every day.

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the underlined part that needs correction in each of the following questions. 

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word whose underlined part differs from the other three in pronunciation in each of the following questions.

I hope these machines will have worked very well ________.

The popular press often contains a lot more ________ than hard facts.

She bought a ________ jacket as a present for her daughter.

She'll take the flight for the early meeting, _______?

John crashed his truck ________ he was driving too fast.

Researchers have ________ to the conclusion that personality is affected by your genes.

The restaurant is well-known ________ its friendly atmosphere and excellent service.

________ the promotion, I began to search for other goals.

Sceptics claim that looking for alien forms of life in space is like squaring the ________ as they do not exist.

While she was taking her exams, she ________ a terrible headache.

Unless we do something now, hundreds of plant and animal species will ________.

My grandparents are quite old now and sometimes they have to ________ up and down steps.

________ the person is the more privilege he enjoys.

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions. 

He is writing a letter of acceptance to the employer with the hope to get his favorite position in the company.

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word(s) OPPOSITE in meaning to the underlined word(s) in each of the following questions. 

Women may also be better at identifying different flavors (4) _______ need both taste and smell to experience, as studies have shown that they have more taste buds on their tongue.